Table 13.1: Milestones in U.S. immigration policy The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny © Chinese Exclusion Act 1891Immigration Act 1921Emergency Quota Act 1924Johnson-Reed Immigration Act 1952McCarran-Walter Immigration and Nationality Act 1965Hart-Cellar Immigration and Nationality Act 1986Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) 1990Immigration Act 1996Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) and Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) 2002Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Form Act 2005Real ID Act 2007Legal Arizona Workers Act (LAWA) 2012Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

Figure 13.1: The foreign-born population in the U.S., 1850–2010 The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

Figure 13.2: Share of U.S. legal permanent residents by region and decade The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

Figure 13.3: Number of persons granted legal permanent residence, 1820–2013 The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

Figure 13.4: Apprehensions along the Mexico-U.S. border, 1960–2013 The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015

Table 13.2: Preference classes and annual caps for legal permanent resident status The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015 Class Annual cap Average number, 2009–2013 Immediate relatives of U.S. citizens (spouses, unmarried minor children and parents) None476,673 Family-sponsored: Unmarried adult children of U.S. citizens and their minor children 23,40024,656 Spouses, minor children and unmarried adult children of legal permanent residents 114,20099,619 Married children of U.S. citizens and their spouses and minor children 23,40025,899 Siblings of U.S. citizens and their spouses and minor children 65,00064,565 Employment-based: Priority workers: persons with extraordinary ability, outstanding professors and researchers, and multinational managers or executives 40,04037,105 Professionals holding advanced degrees and persons of exceptional ability 40,04056,063 Skilled workers, professionals and unskilled (or “other”) workers 40,04040,047 Certain special immigrants (broadcaster, ministers and certain former U.S. government employees overseas)9,940 8,588 Immigrant investors9,940 4,936 Other: Diversity lottery 55,00046,737

Figure 13.5: Marginal costs and marginal benefits of enforcement The Economics of Immigration, by Bansak, Simpson & Zavodny ©2015