Welcome Welcome to BIO 203 Anatomy & Physiology I Mrs. Wendy Rappazzo Office A 214 (across from A&P Lab)

Textbook Features  Learning Outcomes  Illustrations and Photos  Pronunciation Guides  Checkpoint Questions  The A&P Top 100  Tips & Tricks  Clinical Notes  Chain Link Icons  End-of-Chapter Study and Review Materials  Systems Overview Section  System in Perspective Summaries  Colored Tabs  End-of-Book Reference Sections  Important features of the textbook

Learning Supplements  Supplements  The InterActive Physiology® (IP) CD  HCC Portal for Text & Supplemental Material (very helpful) HCC Portal  Get Ready for A&P! (available online)  Atlas of the Human Body  A&P Applications Manual  Study Guide (optional)  Faculty website:website:

Class & Lab Supplies ● 2 – 3” 3 ring binder (recommended 1 binder per unit) with extra paper ● pencils, pens, colored pencils ● index cards ● lab folder with prongs or binder syllabus What do I need to bring?

Introduction Study strategies crucial for success  Come to class on time and take careful notes. If you wish, you may record lecture to assist with note-taking. Do not leave class early. If you must, let me know before class begins, and sit in the back to avoid disrupting class  Read the text and lab material PRIOR to the class it is being discussed in.  Re-write your notes as soon as possible after lecture. Take time to study EVERY day.  You will need to spend at least 2-4 hours on each chapter. Plan to review notes/text for a minimum of one hour each day.

Introduction Study strategies crucial for success  Develop the skill of memorization, and practice it regularly. Visualize word associations.  Ask questions if you do not understand a concept or assignment. However, make sure your questions are relevant to the topic. Do not monopolize class time with questions. If you are having difficulty with the material please see me during my office hours. If you have trouble keeping up with notes- tape lecture.

Introduction Study strategies crucial for success  Learn what your learning style is and use techniques specific to your learning style.  Complete and submit all laboratory assignments on time.  Use the “Interactive Physiology” CD-Rom that is packaged with your text and the additional links and practice quizzes from my website.  Mastering A and P website & links from my webpage for additional animations/tutoring/practice. Mastering A and P website webpage  Attend group tutoring, if you cannot attend, use the walk-in services or arrange for a private tutor. Form study groups with others in your lab group/class.

Introduction Study strategies crucial for success  Do not leave lab early. You should use any extra time at the end of lab to study models, slides and ADAM photos.  Turn off all pagers, cell phones, etc. during lecture. You may have them set to “vibrate” during laboratory. Failure to comply will result in your removal from the classroom.  Please do not have discussions during lecture time. You may ask me questions on material but do not have side conversations. This creates problems in the lecture room. It is very distracting to everyone.

Introduction Study strategies crucial for success Talk to me – I want to you to succeed in this class. I cannot help if you do not see me, ask me questions, and let me know how I can help. I even have candy in my office!

Chemistry & Cell Review Concepts from BIO 099

BIO 099 Chemistry Review  Chemistry Review

Elements of the Human Body

Chemistry Review InorganicOrganic WaterCHO ElectrolytesLipids Acids/BasesProteins Nucleic Acids

pH and Homeostasis  pH  The concentration of hydrogen ions (H + ) in a solution  pH Scale:  A balance of H + and OH —  Pure water = = alkaline  pH of human blood  Ranges from 7.35 to 7.45

pH and Homeostasis  pH Scale  Has an inverse relationship with H + concentration  More H + ions mean lower pH, less H + ions mean higher pH

pH and Homeostasis FIGURE 2–9 pH and Hydrogen Ion Concentration.

Carbohydrates Important Concepts: We only burn glucose for fuel – Glycogen is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles Glycogenesis: making glycogen from glucose Glycogenolysis: breaking glycogen down into glucose Gluconeogenesis: making glucose from amino acids & glycerol

Lipids Important Concepts: Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated Unsaturated can be omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids – important health implications Fatty acids & Glycerol are the preferred fuel source for many tissues.

Proteins  Proteins are the most abundant and important organic molecules  Contain basic elements : C,H,O and N  Basic building blocks  20 amino acids: essential vs. nonessential

Proteins  Support  Structural proteins  Movement  Contractile proteins  Transport  Transport (carrier) proteins  Buffering  Regulation of pH  Metabolic regulation  Enzymes  Coordination and control  Hormones  Defense  Antibodies  Seven major protein functions

Proteins Enzymes are catalysts  Proteins that are not changed or used up in the reaction –specific — will only work on limited types of substrates –limited — by their saturation –regulated — by other cellular chemicals FIGURE 2–21 A Simplified View of Enzyme Structure and Function.

Nucleic Acids  Nucleic acids are large organic molecules, found in the nucleus, which store and process information at the molecular level Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)  Codes for every protein Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)  Important for protein synthesis

Nucleic Acids  DNA is double stranded, twisting helix.  RNA is single stranded  Complementary base pairs  DNA: A:T, C:G  RNA: Uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) A:U, C:G

ATP  Nucleotides can be used to store energy  Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - Two phosphate groups; di- = 2  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - Three phosphate groups; tri- = 3  ADP + P ↔ATP + E  ATPase : The enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation (the addition of a high-energy phosphate group to a molecule)

Chemicals Form Cells

A Review of Cells  Cell surrounded by a watery medium known as the extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)  Plasma membrane separates cytoplasm from the ECF  Cytoplasm - Cytosol = liquid -contains organelles BioFlix Tour of Animal Cell

Organelles and the Cytoplasm  Cytosol (fluid)  Dissolved materials: –nutrients, ions, proteins, and waste products  High potassium/low sodium  High protein  High carbohydrate/low amino acid and fat  Organelles  Structures with specific functions

Organelles Review

Mitochondria Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration)  Mitochondria use O2 to break down food and produce ATP  G + O2 + ADP  CO2 + H2O + ATP Glycolysis: glucose to pyruvic acid net gain 2 ATP when anaerobic= lactic acid Transition Reaction: pyruvic acid to acetyl Co-A

Mitochondria Aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration)  Mitochondria use O2 to break down food and produce ATP  G + O2 + ADP  CO2 + H2O + ATP Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA or Krebs cycle): –Acetyl CoA to CO 2 (in matrix) & reduced coenzymes Electron transport chain –inner mitochondrial membrane H+ ions used to make ATP

The Nucleus DNA  Instructions for every protein in the body  Gene  DNA instructions for one protein  Genetic code  The chemical language of DNA instructions: –sequence of bases (A, T, C, G)  Triplet code: –3 bases = 1 amino acid

Cell Differentiation  All cells carry complete DNA instructions for all body functions  Cells specialize or differentiate  To form tissues (liver cells, fat cells, and neurons)  By turning off all genes not needed by that cell  All body cells, except sex cells, contain the same 46 chromosomes  Differentiation depends on which genes are active and which are inactive

Protein Synthesis  The Role of Gene Activation in Protein Synthesis  The nucleus contains chromosomes  Chromosomes contain DNA  DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins  Proteins determine cell structure and function

Protein Synthesis  Transcription  Copies instructions from DNA to mRNA (in nucleus)  Translation  Ribosome reads code from mRNA (in cytoplasm)  Assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain  Processing  By RER and Golgi apparatus produce protein

Functions of the Plasma Membrane Physical Barrier Regulates exchange  Ions and nutrients enter  Wastes eliminated and cellular products released Monitors the environment  Extracellular fluid composition  Chemical signals Structural support  Anchors cells and tissues

Membrane Transport  The plasma (cell) membrane is a barrier, but  Nutrients must get in  Products and wastes must get out  Permeability determines what moves in and out of a cell, and a membrane that  Lets nothing in or out is impermeable  Lets anything pass is freely permeable  Restricts movement is selectively permeable

Membrane Transport  Plasma membrane is selectively permeable  Allows some materials to move freely  Restricts other materials  Selective permeability restricts materials based on  Size  Electrical charge  Molecular shape  Lipid solubility Membrane permeability

Diffusion  Diffusion is a Function of the Concentration Gradient & Kinetic Energy  Solutes move down a concentration gradient until? Factors Affecting Diffusion  Distance the particle has to move  Molecule size  Temperature  Gradient size  Electrical forces

Tonicity  A cell in a hypotonic solution:  Gains water  Ruptures (hemolysis of red blood cells)  A cell in a hypertonic solution:  Loses water  Shrinks (crenation of red blood cells)

Filtration Movement of molecules due to a pressure gradient (net filtration pressure) Osmotic Pressure: pressure which holds water (absorption): in blood mainly due to plasma proteins Hydrostatic Pressure: pressure which pushes molecules out of blood (filtration)

Tonicity  A cell in a hypotonic solution:  Gains water  Ruptures (hemolysis of red blood cells)  A cell in a hypertonic solution:  Loses water  Shrinks (crenation of red blood cells)

Carriers and Vesicles  Carrier-Mediated Transport  Facilitated diffusion  Specificity  Saturation limits  Regulation

Carriers and Vesicles  Carrier-Mediated Transport  Cotransport  Two substances move in the same direction at the same time  Countertransport  One substance moves in while another moves out

Carriers and Vesicles Carrier-Mediated Transport  Active transport  Active transport proteins: –move substrates against concentration gradient –require energy, such as ATP –ion pumps move ions (Na +, K +, Ca 2 +, Mg 2 + ) –exchange pump countertransports two ions at the same time

Carriers and Vesicles Active transport  Sodium-potassium exchange pump sodium ions (Na + ) out, potassium ions (K + ) in -1 ATP moves 3 Na + and 2 K +

Carriers and Vesicles Active transport-  Secondary active transport –Na + concentration gradient drives glucose transport –ATP energy pumps Na + back out

Carriers and Vesicles Vesicular Transport (or bulk transport)  Materials move into or out of cell in vesicles  Endocytosis (endo- = inside) is active transport using ATP: –receptor mediated –pinocytosis –phagocytosis  Exocytosis (exo- = outside) –Granules or droplets are released from the cell

Carriers and Vesicles Endocytosis  Receptor-mediated endocytosis:  Receptors (glycoproteins) bind target molecules (ligands)  Coated vesicle (endosome) carries ligands and receptors into the cell

Carriers and Vesicles Endocytosis  Pinocytosis  Endosomes “drink” extracellular fluid  Phagocytosis  Pseudopodia (psuedo- = false, pod- = foot)  Engulf large objects in phagosomes

Carriers and Vesicles Figure 3–22 Phagocytosis.

Carriers and Vesicles Exocytosis  Is the reverse of endocytosis  Secretion

Transmembrane Potential  Interior of plasma membrane is slightly negative, outside is slightly positive  Unequal charge across the plasma membrane is transmembrane potential or RMP  Resting potential ranges from –10 mV to –100 mV, depending on cell type

Transmembrane Potential  Determined mainly by the unequal distribution of Na+ & K+  The cell's interior has a greater concent. of K+ and the outside has a greater concent. of Na+  At rest the plasma membrane is relatively impermeable to Na+ and freely permeable to K+

Transmembrane Potential The cell has 2 types of channels: 1.) Passive (leaky) 2.) Gated RMPRMP animation (NS I: membrane potential page 12/16)

Transmembrane Potential  More K + diffuses out of the cell than Na + diffuses into the cell  Results in a loss of + charges from the cell = negative RMP Cell is polarized.

Transmembrane Potential If too much K + left the cell it would become too negative = hyperpolarize. If Na + was allowed to accumulate inside the cell it would become less negative (more positive) or depolarize. Entrance of Na + into the cell would change the tonicity of the cell.

Transmembrane Potential The Na + -K + pump functions to maintain the osmotic balance & membrane voltage

Transmembrane Potential When stimulus applied: Gated Na+ channels open = depolarization Gated K+ channels open so K+ leaves = repolarization

Cell Division

Mitosis and Cancer

Introduction  Anatomy and physiology affect your life everyday  Anatomy is the oldest medical science  1600 B.C.

Medical Terminology  Medical terminology for the layman:  ARTERY -- The study of fine painting  BARIUM -- What you do when a patient dies  BENIGN -- What you are after you are eight  CESAREAN SECTION -- A district in Rome  CONGENITAL -- Friendly  DILATE -- To live long  FESTER -- Quicker  G. I. SERIES -- Baseball game between soldiers  MINOR OPERATION -- Coal digging  MORBID -- A higher offer  NITRATE -- Lower than a day rate  NODE -- Was aware of  OUT PATIENT -- A person who has fainted  POST-OPERATIVE -- A letter carrier  PROTEIN -- In favor of young people  SECRETION -- Hiding anything  SEROLOGY -- Study of English Knighthood  TUMOR -- An extra pair  URINE -- Opposite of you're out  VARICOSE VEINS -- Veins very close together

Medical Terminology Roots: adipos (fat), arthros (joint), chrondros (cartilage) Prefixes: a- (without), intra- (within), peri- (around) Suffices: -blast (precursor, immature), -itis (inflammation), -algia (pain) i.e.: pathology: prefix = disease suffix: ology= study of Pathology – the study of disease

Structure and Function  Anatomy  Describes the structures of the body  What they are made of  Where they are located  Associated structures  Physiology  Is the study of  Functions of anatomical structures  Individual and cooperative functions

Anatomy and Physiology Integrated  Anatomy  Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures  Surface anatomy: exterior features  Regional anatomy: body areas  Systemic anatomy: groups of organs working together.

Anatomy and Physiology Integrated  Anatomy  Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules  Cytology: study of cells and their structures cyt- = cell  Histology: study of tissues and their structures  Microbiology: study of microbes

Anatomy and Physiology Integrated  Physiology  Cell physiology: processes within and between cells  Organ physiology: functions of specific organs  Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system  Pathological physiology: effects of diseases

Levels of Organization. The Chemical (or Molecular) Level  Atoms are the smallest chemical units  Molecules are a group of atoms working together The Cellular Level  Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together

Levels of Organization The Tissue Level Tissues are a group of similar cells working together The Organ Level  An organ is a group of different tissues working together

Levels of Organization  The Organ System Level  Organ systems are a group of organs working together  Humans have 11 organ systems  The Organism Level  A human is an organism

Homeostasis  Homeostasis: all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment  Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range.  Disease occurs when body cannot maintain homeostasis.

Homeostasis  Mechanisms of Regulation  Autoregulation (intrinsic)  Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change  Extrinsic regulation  Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Homeostatic Regulation  Involves: 1.) receptor: responds to stimulus 2.) control center – processes info 3.) effector – carries out the command

Negative Feedback The response of the effector negates the stimulus Body is brought back into homeostasis Normal range is maintained.

Negative Feedback Homeostasis Animation

Positive Feedback The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus Body is moved away from homeostasis Normal range is lost Used to speed up processes

Positive Feedback

Labor & Delivery Oxytocin Released Uterus Contracts

Systems Integration

Anatomical Terminology  Superficial Anatomy: at or near the body surface  Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward  Supine: lying down, face up  Prone: lying down, face down

Anatomical Terminology  Superficial Anatomy  Anatomical Landmarks  References to palpable structures  Anatomical Regions  Body regions  Abdominopelvic quadrants  Abdominopelvic regions  Anatomical Directions  Reference terms based on subject

Anatomical Terminology

FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Quadrants.

Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Regions.

Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1–7 Abdominopelvic Relationships.

Anatomical Terminology

 Sectional Anatomy  Planes and sections  Plane: a three-dimensional axis  Section: a slice parallel to a plane  Used to visualize internal organization and structure  Important in radiological techniques –MRI –PET –CT

Anatomical Terminology

Body Cavities  Body cavities have two essential functions  Protect organs from accidental shocks  Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs  Two Main Body Cavities: Dorsal & Ventral

Body Cavities

FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.

Body Cavities FIGURE 1–11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions.

Body Cavities  The Abdominopelvic Cavity  Abdominal cavity — superior portion  Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones  Contains digestive organs

Body Cavities  The Abdominopelvic Cavity  Pelvic cavity — inferior portion  Within pelvic bones  Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder

Body Cavities  The Abdominopelvic Cavity  Peritoneal cavity — chamber within abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities

 Serous membranes  Line body cavities and cover organs  Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer  Parietal layer — lines cavity  Visceral layer — covers organ  Fluid: lubricates, reduces friction –Named for cavity: pleural fluid

Body Cavities

Serous Membranes of the Heart

Body Cavities Where would you find the: Parietal pleura? Visceral pericardium? Parietal peritoneum?

Body Cavities Mesenteries: fatty tissue anchors & supports organs -greater omentum Retroperitoneal: posterior to the peritoneal cavity