A crude (lower limit) estimation of resolution and event rate Development and Construction of an Extensive Air Shower Array in HOU Antonis Leisos, Hellenic Open University Erlangen April 2006 Calibration of a km 3 ν-Telescope Using Extensive Air Showers The project is co-funded by the European Social Fund & National Resources EPEAEK-II (PYTHAGORAS)

Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum

The General Idea… Angular offset Efficiency Resolution Position

The Example of Amanda-Spase 30 stations (4 scint. 0.2 m 2 in a triangular grid, 30m spacing) B10 resolution  3.8 degrees

~4km ~20km Very High Energy Very High Zenith Angle Extreme low rate

Floating stations (Sea Technology?) The Concept We propose a minimum of 3 stations with at least 3 m 2 scintillator detectors each

Single Station GPS Scintillator-PMT DAQ ~20 m 1 m 2 Single Station Set-Up Triangulation  Shower Direction

Multi Station Set up Multi Station Set-Up

The HELYCON Scintillation Module Scintillator 2 Scintillator 3 GPS timestamp Station Server

Prototype Construction 10 x 12 cm tiles 80 tiles ~ 0.96 m 2 12 WLS fibers per row Single PMT read out

Scintillators & WLS fibers WLS fibers: Bicron (BCF-91A) Light attenuation length: 330cm Scintillators : Protvino (Russia) Emission spectrum:420 nm Decay time 2 ns

PMT Testing Photonis XP-1912 Standard, 10-stage, 19 mm (3/4") round tube

Detector Testing

DAQ GPS Input USB Port Trigger Ouput4 PMT Signal Inputs 25ps accuracy TDC

DAQ Handles 4-channels Adjustable PMT Thresholds Relative Arrival times < 1ns Estimates Pulse sizes (TOT) and Shapes Synchronization with GPS ~ 25ns Digital Interface to PC Slow Controls & Environmental Monitoring HPTDC 32 channels (LR) – 8 Channels (HR) 25ps (HR) to 800 ps (LR) accuracy Self Calibrating GPS (Motorola M12+Timing Oncore) 25 ns UTC accuracy can be better (up to 5ns)

Software Tools CORSIKA (Extensive Air Shower Simulation) GEANT4 (Scintillation, WLS & PMT response)

Software Tools DAQSIM (DAQ Simulation) HOUANA (Analysis & Track Reconstruction) Time (ns) Height (mV) Zentih (degrees)

Monte Carlo Studies Reconstruction of Shower Direction Reconstruction of the Shower Core Properties Charge (p.e.s) Distance from core (m) Vertical Proton Showers ( GeV) Distance from core (m) Particles/m 2

Monte Carlo Studies Needed corrections curvature thickness ns after 1 st particle Core distance>500m

Monte Carlo Studies Time Delay (ns) Pes Time Spread (ns) Pes Some Corrections (thickness) Vertical Proton Showers ( GeV)

Monte Carlo Studies Θ rec -Θ true Pull Single Station Performance Vertical Proton Showers ( GeV) QC: charge(p.e.s)>75.

Monte Carlo Studies Distance from core (m) Reconstruction efficiencyResolution (degrees) Single Station Performance Vertical Proton Showers ( GeV) QC: charge(p.e.s)>75.

Monte Carlo Studies Examples of a 3-Station Performance (Crude Analysis) Vertical Proton Showers ( GeV) Threshold Charge (pes) Resolution per reconstructed track (degrees)Resolution in determining a possible Angular Offset (degrees)-10 day operation

HELYCON Online Control & Data Analysis Package control real time monitor shower reconstruction data analysis real data & data summary storage graphics & presenter

Time Schedule Prototype detector full test (PMT and Scintillator) May 2006 Production & test of 15 detectors July 2006 (2 detectors per week) Electronics TestingMay-June 2006 (the prototype is currently tested) DAQ Test + DetectorsJuly-September 2006 Online Software-Analysis Tools-Reconstruction Strategy Development -September station RunAutumn 2006

Another use of the detectors HELYCON eV eV eV 2 km