Programming languages Zuzana Brťková

What is programming language? A programming language is an artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, mainly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely.

Types of programming languages The main types of these languages are 1) Object-orientation languages (Java, html, php, C#...) 2) Procedural languages (C, Fortran, Basic and others) 3) Functional languages 4) Languages for logic programming

What is a difference? The focus of procedural programming is to break down a programming task into a collection of variables, data structures, and subroutines, whereas in object-oriented programming it is to break down a programming task into objects that expose behavior (methods) and data (members or attributes) using interfaces. The most important distinction is that while procedural programming uses procedures to operate on data structures, object-oriented programming bundles the two together, so an "object", which is an instance of a class, operates on its "own" data structure.

C Procedural languageProcedural language Developed between 1969 and 1973Developed between 1969 and 1973 The language was designed to encourage cross- platform programmingThe language was designed to encourage cross- platform programming C has facilities for structured programming and allows lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operationsC has facilities for structured programming and allows lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations Many later languages have borrowed directly or indirectly from C, including C#, Java, JavaScript, Python, PHP etc.Many later languages have borrowed directly or indirectly from C, including C#, Java, JavaScript, Python, PHP etc.

C#C#C#C# Object-oriented languageObject-oriented language It was developed by Microsoft within its.NET initiative and later approved as a standard by Ecma and ISOIt was developed by Microsoft within its.NET initiative and later approved as a standard by Ecma and ISO The name "C sharp" was inspired by musical notation where a sharp indicates that the written note should be made a semitone higherThe name "C sharp" was inspired by musical notation where a sharp indicates that the written note should be made a semitone higher C# is an evolution of the C and C++ family of languagesC# is an evolution of the C and C++ family of languages C# is a language encompassing strong typing, imperative, declarative, functional, generic and component-oriented programming disciplinesC# is a language encompassing strong typing, imperative, declarative, functional, generic and component-oriented programming disciplines

Java Object-oriented languageObject-oriented language Java is specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possibleJava is specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low level facilities than either of themThe language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low level facilities than either of them Java is one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 10 million usersJava is one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 10 million users

C++ Object-oriented languageObject-oriented language Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell LabsDeveloped by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises both high-level and low-level language features.It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises both high-level and low-level language features. C++ is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms.C++ is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. C++ is designed to be a statically typed, general- purpose language that is as efficient and portable as CC++ is designed to be a statically typed, general- purpose language that is as efficient and portable as C

Pascal Designed in 1968–1969 and published in 1970 by Niklaus WirthDesigned in 1968–1969 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth Named in honor of the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise PascalNamed in honor of the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal Pascal, in its original form, is a purely procedural language and includes the traditional array of ALGOL-like control structures with reserved words such as if, then, else, while, for, and so onPascal, in its original form, is a purely procedural language and includes the traditional array of ALGOL-like control structures with reserved words such as if, then, else, while, for, and so on It is efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuringIt is efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring

HTML HyperText Markup Language is the main markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browserHyperText Markup Language is the main markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets, within the web page contentHTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets, within the web page content The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pagesThe purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991

PHP Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995, the reference implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP GroupOriginally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995, the reference implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group Server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming languageServer-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language PHP code is interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module which generates the resulting web page.PHP code is interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module which generates the resulting web page. PHP is now installed on more than 244 million websites and 2.1 million web serversPHP is now installed on more than 244 million websites and 2.1 million web servers

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