By N.Gopinath AP/CSE

Why a Data Warehouse Application – Business Perspectives  There are several reasons why organizations consider Data Warehousing a critical need.  From a business prospective, to strive and succeed in today’s highly competitive global environment, business users demand business answers mainly because: Decisions need to be made quickly and correctly, using all available data Users are business domain experts, not computer professionals The amount of data increasing in the data stores, which affects response time and the sheer ability to comprehend its content. Competitions is heating up in the areas of business intelligence and added information value.

Why a Data Warehouse Application – Technology Perspectives There are several technology reasons also for existence of Data Warehousing. First, the Data Warehouse is designed to address the incompatibility of informational and operational transactional systems. Secondly, the IT infrastructure is changing rapidly, and its capabilities are increasing, as evidenced by the following: The prices of digital storage is rapidly dropping Network bandwidth is increasing, while the price of high bandwidth is decreasing The workplace is increasingly heterogeneous with respect to both the hardware and software Legacy systems need to, and can, be integrated with new applications

Building a Data Warehouse 1. Business Considerations (Return on Investment) 2. Design Considerations 3. Technical Considerations 4. Implementation Considerations 5. Integrated Solutions 6. Benefits of Data Warehousing

Business Consideration 1. Approach  The Top-down Approach, meaning that an organization has developed an enterprise data model, collected enterprise-wide business requirements, and decided to build an enterprise data warehouse with subset data marts. (From Data warehouse to Data marts)  The Bottom-up Approach, implying that the business priorities resulted in developing individual data marts, which are then integrated into enterprise data warehouse.(From Data marts to Data Warehouse) 2. Organizational Issues A Data Warehouse, in general, is not truly a technological issue, rather, it should be more concerned with identifying and establishing information requirements, the data sources to fulfill these requirements, and timeliness.

Design Consideration  To be a successful, a data warehouse designer must take a holistic approach – consider all data warehouse components as parts of a single complex system and take into the account all possible data stores and all known usage requirements. The main factors include:  Heterogeneity of Data sources, which affects data conversion, quality, timeliness  Use of historical data, while implies that data may be “old”.  Tendency of databases to grow very large

Contd…  In addition to the general considerations, there are several specific points relevant to the data warehouse design: Data Content Metadata Data Distribution One of the biggest challenge when designing a data warehouse is the data placement and distribution strategy. Tools These tools provide facilities for defining the transformation and cleanup rules, data movement (from operational sources to the warehouses), end-user query, reporting, and data analysis. Performance consideration

Contd… Technical Considerations  A number of technical issues are to be considered when designing and implementing a Data Warehouse environment. 1. The Hardware Platform that would house the Data Warehouse for parallel query scalability. (Uni- Processor, Multi-processor, etc) 2. The DBMS that supports the warehouse database 3. The communication infrastructure that connects the warehouse, data marts, operational systems, and end users 4. The hardware platform and software to support the metadata repository 5. The systems management framework that enables centralized management and administration to the entire environment.

Implementation Considerations i. Access Tools Currently no single tool in the market can handle all possible data warehouse access needs. Therefore, most implementations rely on a suite of tools. ii. Data Placement Strategies As Data Warehouse grows, there are at least two options for Data Placement. One is to put some of the data in the data warehouse into another storage media (WORM, RAID). Second option is to distribute data in data warehouse across multiple servers.

Contd… iii. Data Extraction, Cleanup, Transformation, and Migration  As a components of the Data Warehouse architecture, proper attention must be given to Data Extraction, which represents a critical success factor for a data warehouse architecture. 1. The ability to identify data in the data source environments that can be read by conversion tool is important. 2. Support for the flat files. (VSAM, ISM, IDMS) is critical, since bulk of the corporate data is still maintained in this type of data storage. 3. The capability to merge data from multiple data stores is required in many installations. 4. The specification interface to indicate the data to extracted and the conversion criteria is important. 5. The ability to read information from data dictionaries or import information from repository product is desired.

Contd… iv. Metadata  A frequently occurring problem in Data Warehouse is the problem of communicating to the end user what information resides in the data warehouse and how it can be accessed. The key to providing users and applications with a roadmap to the information stored in the warehouse is the metadata. It can define all data elements and their attributes, data sources and timing, and the rules that govern data use and data transformations. Meta data needs to be collected as the warehouse is designed and built.

Contd… v. User Sophistication Levels  Data Warehousing is relatively new phenomenon, and a certain degree of sophistication is required on the end user’s part to effectively use the warehouse. The users can be classified on the basis of their skill level in accessing the warehouse: 1. Casual Users: These users are most comfortable retrieving information from the warehouse in pre-defined formats, and running preexisting queries and reports. 2. Power Users: These users need access tools that combine the simplicity of pre-defined queries and reports with a certain degree of flexibility. 3. Experts: These users tend to create their own queries and perform sophisticated analysis on the information they retrieve from the warehouse.

Benefits of Data Warehouse  Successfully implemented data warehousing can realize some significance benefits which can be categorized in two categories: 1. Tangible Benefits: 1. Product inventory turnover is improved 2. More cost effective decision making is enabled by separating (ad- hoc) query processing from running against operational database. 3. Better business intelligence is enabled by increased quality and flexibility of market analysis available through multi-level data structures. 2. Intangible Benefits: 1. Improved productivity 2. Reduced redundant processing, support, and software to support overlapping decision support applications

Thank you…