Mobilizing for war Churchill- "Once the fire is lighted under it there is no limit to the power it can generate" Churchill- "Once the fire is lighted under it there is no limit to the power it can generate" A. Two Front war- No one had ever won such a war A. Two Front war- No one had ever won such a war 1.US production is 5 times that of Japan 1.US production is 5 times that of Japan 2 times that of Germany 2 times that of Germany

B. May 1940 Roosevelt calls for 50,000 planes to be built to get a jump start B. May 1940 Roosevelt calls for 50,000 planes to be built to get a jump start

C. Business conversion C. Business conversion 1. In our society business must be able to see a profit 1. In our society business must be able to see a profit 2. Cost plus Contracts 2. Cost plus Contracts a. Cost of manufacturing plus a set percentage for profit a. Cost of manufacturing plus a set percentage for profit b. The more you produce the greater the profit b. The more you produce the greater the profit

Reconstruction Finance Corporation 1. loans to businesses that could not afford to convert to wartime production 1. loans to businesses that could not afford to convert to wartime production From 1941 through 1945, the RFC authorized over $2 billion of loans and investments each year, with a peak of over $6 billion authorized in The magnitude of RFC lending had increased substantially during the war. Most lending to wartime subsidiaries ended in 1945, and all such lending ended in From 1941 through 1945, the RFC authorized over $2 billion of loans and investments each year, with a peak of over $6 billion authorized in The magnitude of RFC lending had increased substantially during the war. Most lending to wartime subsidiaries ended in 1945, and all such lending ended in 1948.

2. American Business gets the job done 2. American Business gets the job done a. by 1942 most major industries had converted and 200,000 businesses had converted a. by 1942 most major industries had converted and 200,000 businesses had converted b. Tanks replace cars b. Tanks replace cars 1. Automotive- Henry Ford converts to produce tanks, artillery, rifles, mines, helmets, pontoon bridges, cooking pots etc - B-24 Bomber 1. Automotive- Henry Ford converts to produce tanks, artillery, rifles, mines, helmets, pontoon bridges, cooking pots etc - B-24 Bomber 2. Shipbuilding- Kaiser's Liberty ships- cargo ships that were welded instead of riveted- greater stability against attack 2. Shipbuilding- Kaiser's Liberty ships- cargo ships that were welded instead of riveted- greater stability against attack

Liberty Ship Liberty Ship Liberty ship was the name given to the EC2 type ship designed for "Emergency" construction by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II. Liberty ships, nicknamed "ugly ducklings" by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt Liberty ship was the name given to the EC2 type ship designed for "Emergency" construction by the United States Maritime Commission in World War II. Liberty ships, nicknamed "ugly ducklings" by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt The first of the 2,751 Liberty ships was the SS Patrick Henry, launched on Sept. 27, 1941, and built to a standardized, mass produced design. The 250,000 parts were pre- fabricated throughout the country in 250-ton sections and welded together in about 70 days. The first of the 2,751 Liberty ships was the SS Patrick Henry, launched on Sept. 27, 1941, and built to a standardized, mass produced design. The 250,000 parts were pre- fabricated throughout the country in 250-ton sections and welded together in about 70 days. One Liberty ship, the SS Robert E. Peary was built in four and a half days. A Liberty cost under $2,000,000. One Liberty ship, the SS Robert E. Peary was built in four and a half days. A Liberty cost under $2,000,000. The Liberty was 441 feet long and 56 feet wide. Her three-cylinder, reciprocating steam engine, fed by two oil-burning boilers produced 2,500 hp and a speed of 11 knots. Her 5 holds could carry over 9,000 tons of cargo, plus airplanes, tanks, and locomotives lashed to its deck. A Liberty could carry 2,840 jeeps, 440 tanks, or 230 million rounds of rifle ammunition. The Liberty was 441 feet long and 56 feet wide. Her three-cylinder, reciprocating steam engine, fed by two oil-burning boilers produced 2,500 hp and a speed of 11 knots. Her 5 holds could carry over 9,000 tons of cargo, plus airplanes, tanks, and locomotives lashed to its deck. A Liberty could carry 2,840 jeeps, 440 tanks, or 230 million rounds of rifle ammunition. Liberty ships were named after prominent (deceased) Americans, starting with Patrick Henry and the signers of the Declaration of Independence. 18 that were named for outstanding African-Americans. Liberty ships were named after prominent (deceased) Americans, starting with Patrick Henry and the signers of the Declaration of Independence. 18 that were named for outstanding African-Americans. Henry Kaiser became most famous for the Kaiser Shipyards in Richmond, California during World War II, adopting production techniques that generated one cargo ship every 30 days Henry Kaiser became most famous for the Kaiser Shipyards in Richmond, California during World War II, adopting production techniques that generated one cargo ship every 30 days

c. War production board- set priorities and production goals and controlled the distribution of raw materials and supplies- conflicted with the military c. War production board- set priorities and production goals and controlled the distribution of raw materials and supplies- conflicted with the military

Mobilizing the Economy  The War Production Board  Offered fixed, generous profits for war contracts  Helped finance conversion to war production and new factories, shipyards, etc.  $175,000,000,000 in war contracts  $800,000,000 in research  Industrial production increased 96%

Mobilizing the Economy $Office of Price Administration $Estb. summer, 1941 $Control inflation by fixing prices and rationing scarce commodities $Limited meat, sugar, butter, silk, nylon, coffee, auto tires $Gasoline rationing : May, 1942 $A, B, and C ration cards were issued to motorists, depending on need; $“A” cards received only 4 gallons per week (32,500 drivers were arrested by 1945 for using fake cards).

 National War Labor Board  Like in WWI  Mediate or arbitrate labor disputes  4 labor leaders, 4 business leaders, 4 private citizens  Could ask for takeover  United Mine Workers went on strike and soldiers took over mines;  head of Macy’s refused to accept union workers and was carried out by arresting soldiers.  4,000,000 new union members by 1945

Mobilizing the Economy  Production figures  225% increase in arms production in 1941 alone  Dec. 1942: out-producing Germany, Italy and Japan COMBINED  300,000 planes  88,000 tanks  3000 merchant ships  $50,000,000,000 of Lend-Lease Aid

d. Building an Army d. Building an Army 1. After Poland falls 227,000 soldiers in army 1. After Poland falls 227,000 soldiers in army 2. After France Selective Service and training act is passed 2. After France Selective Service and training act is passed 3. More soldiers than equipment 3. More soldiers than equipment Number of Americans who served in World War II: 16.1 million Number of Americans who served in World War II: 16.1 million Estimated number of U.S. soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines killed in battle during World War II: 292, of U.S. troops who perished outside of battle during World War II: 114, of U.S. troops wounded during World War II: 672, of deaths, in total, sustained by U.S. forces during World War II: 405,000 Estimated number of U.S. soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines killed in battle during World War II: 292, of U.S. troops who perished outside of battle during World War II: 114, of U.S. troops wounded during World War II: 672, of deaths, in total, sustained by U.S. forces during World War II: 405,000

4. 8 weeks basic training promoted unity 4. 8 weeks basic training promoted unity 5. Segregated army -Double "V”campaign during WWII, calling for victory over the enemy and a victory against racism at home 5. Segregated army -Double "V”campaign during WWII, calling for victory over the enemy and a victory against racism at home "What the war represents, certainly it was a battle for democracy on a world scale, but it was also a battle that really began the Civil Rights movement in the post-war era "What the war represents, certainly it was a battle for democracy on a world scale, but it was also a battle that really began the Civil Rights movement in the post-war era

a. Tuskegee Airmen - battle of Anzio a. Tuskegee Airmen - battle of Anzio b. Integrated bases in 1943 and by 1948 fully integrated military b. Integrated bases in 1943 and by 1948 fully integrated military

6. Women in the war- May Women in the war- May 1942 a. Women's Army Auxiliary Corp (WAAC) led by Oveta Culp Hobby a. Women's Army Auxiliary Corp (WAAC) led by Oveta Culp Hobby b. Women's Army Corp b. Women's Army Corp (WAC) replaced above (WAC) replaced above c. 64,000 nurses c. 64,000 nurses