Goals: Discuss 3 examples of transcriptional regulation -Lac operon -Coordinated gene regulation -Regulation of transcription without regulation of polymerase

Gene expression can be regulated at any point between transcription and translation -Binding of pol II to the promoter -Melting -Release from promoter/elongation -During elongation -RNAi - destroys mRNA -During translation -After translation

The lac operon promoter LacZ - BetaGalactosidase - cleaves lactose into usable subunits LacY - Lactose permease - transports lactose across the cell membrane LacA - Eliminates toxic molecules that are co-transported Operator - Binds repressors CAP site - binds cap proteins (activator)

The activator and repressor are both inhibited by sugars

Physical interactions regulate lac operon transcription

Cap recruits Polymerase via interaction with the CTD of the alpha subunit

The cap activator is a helix-turn-helix motif -Bind DNA as a dimer -Requires two similar sequences of DNA in reverse order

Lac repressor forms a tetramer between two operator sites (primary and secondary)

Discovery of the cis-trans model of gene regulation Repressor acting in trans

Operator (repressor binding site) operates in cis

Use of different sigma proteins to regulate gene expression -Bacterial phage SPO1 uses host RNA polymerase to transcribe its genes -Early genes use sigma 70, encode an alternative sigma -Alternative sigma out competes sigma 70, binds to different promoter architecture -Second set of genes are driven by new sigma protein -Process repeats until all genes are expressed, in correct order for phage release Sets of genes are coordinated by using similar promoters

Regulation of transcription without interaction with RNA polymerase -Mercury resistance genes = merT -MerR is activator, binds between -10 and -35 promoter elements -Promoter elements are not optimally aligned -MerR, in the presence of mercury, contorts DNA such that promoter elements are optimally alligned -Activator doesn’t interact with Polymerase