© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Nonlinear Analysis: Elastic-Plastic Material Analysis

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Objectives  The objectives of this module are to:  Provide an introduction to the elastic-plastic equations used in Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics  Relate elastic-plastic material theory to the material parameters used in Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics  Show how to set up and perform an analysis using elastic-plastic materials in Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 2

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Monotonic Stress-Strain Curves  Monotonic stress-strain curves are obtained from a tensile test that starts at zero load and progresses to fracture without any unload-reload cycles.  “Engineering” stress-strain curves are based on engineering stress and strain measures.  “True” stress-strain curves are based on true stress and logarithmic strain measures. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 3 “True” stress-strain curves should be used when performing elastic-plastic finite element analyses using Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics.

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Cyclic Stress-Strain Curves  Cyclic stress-strain curves are obtained when the specimen is cycled repetitively between tension and compression stress or strain values.  Strain controlled experiments cycle between tension and compression strain extremes to yield a cyclic stress-strain curve as shown in the figure. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 4 Cyclic stress-strain curves are important to strain-life fatigue life calculations.

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Bauschinger Effect  The Bauschinger effect refers to a decrease in the compressive yield stress due to work hardening in tension.  It can also refer to a decrease in the tensile yield stress due to work hardening in compression.  Work hardening can be used to increase the yield strength of a material, but it does so at the cost of a lower yield stress in the reversed direction of loading. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 5   Monotonic stress strain curve in compression Actual compression stress-strain curve following tensile work hardening Tension stress- strain curve Unload Bauschinger effect

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Yield Criteria  The onset of yielding for ductile materials subjected to multi-axial stress states can be predicted using the von Mises effective stress.  This yield criterion can be written in several forms:  In terms of principal stress components  In terms of Cartesian stress components Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 6

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Graphical Representation  The elliptical curve shown in the figure is the intersection of the 3-dimensional von Mises yield surface with the  1,  2 principal stress plane (  3 = 0).  Note that the elliptical curve fits the experimental data for the steel and aluminum alloys (i.e. ductile materials).  Gray cast iron (brittle material) does not exhibit significant plastic deformation prior to fracture and the von Mises criteria does not match the experimental data. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 7 Two-dimensional representation of the von Mises yield criterion.

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Incompressibility  Ductile metals subjected to moderate hydrostatic pressures do not exhibit permanent deformation when unloaded (i.e. they do not yield).  The von Mises yield criterion is consistent with this experimental observation.  A hydrostatic stress state will give a zero value for  eff. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 8 I 1 = 1 st stress invariant J 2 = 2 nd invariant of the deviatoric stress tensor deviatoric stress components Alternate form of Von Mises yield criterion using indicial notation.

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Elements of Plasticity Theory Key concepts of plasticity theory are:  The strain increment is decomposed into elastic and plastic parts.  A yield surface is used to determine if the material responds elastically or plastically.  Strain-hardening rules that determine the shape and position of the yield surface in the plastic region.  A plastic flow rule determines the relationship between the plastic strain increment and the stress state under multi- axial loading. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 9

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Isotropic & Kinematic Hardening  Isotropic hardening keeps the center of the yield surface stationary and accommodates work hardening by allowing the yield surface to get larger.  Kinematic hardening allows the center of the yield surface to move during work hardening and keeps the size of the yield surface constant. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 10

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Application of Hardening Rules  Isotropic or kinematic hardening can be used when the system being analyzed is subjected to monotonic (non-cyclic) loads.  Kinematic hardening should be used with cyclic loading conditions to more accurately predict the Bauschinger effect. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 11 Force Time Monotonic Loading Force Time Cyclic Loading

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics Plasticity Models  Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics provides elastic-plastic material models for isotropic or kinematic hardening.  “True” stress-strain curves may be approximated using a bilinear model or entered directly.  Isotropic models should be used for unidirectional loading.  Kinematic models are recommended for cyclic loading. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 12 List of elastic-plastic material models found in Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics.

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Bilinear Models  “True” stress-strain curves can be approximated using a bilinear model.  A bilinear model uses Young’s Modulus (E) and a strain- hardening modulus (E T ).  The Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics material library contains a strain-hardening modulus for many metals. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 13 True Strain E ETET

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Curve Models  Curve models allow an actual “true” stress-strain curve to be entered and used.  Tabular data is often contained within the Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics material models. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 14 This image shows the tabular data found in Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics for AISI 1020 cold rolled steel. Tabular data can be entered manually or imported from a.csv file.

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Analysis Type  An elastic-plastic material model may be used with four different Simulation analysis types  MES with Nonlinear Material Models  Static Analysis with Nonlinear Material Models  Natural Frequency (Modal) with Nonlinear Material Models  MES Riks Analysis Process for finding the nonlinear analysis types supporting elastic-plastic material models in Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 15

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Example Problem Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page lb A fine mesh is used where there will be high stress gradients.  The response of a flat bar with a hole at its center will be used to demonstrate how to setup an elastic-plastic material analysis.  There is a stress concentration at the hole.  The objective is to determine how the stress distribution changes across the bar as it experiences elastic-plastic deformation.

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Elastic Response  The material is AISI 1020 cold rolled steel and has a yield strength of 50.8 ksi.  Based on the results of an elastic analysis, the onset of yielding will occur at a load of 2,190 lb.  The figure shows the stress distribution at the onset of yielding. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 17

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Analysis Type  The elastic-plastic response will be computed using the “Static Analysis with Nonlinear Materials” analysis type.  This must be set before nonlinear materials will be shown in the material library. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 18

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Element Definition  The von Mises with Kinematic Hardening or Isotropic Hardening material model can be used for this problem because the load does not cycle.  Midside nodes are used to help capture the high stress/strain gradients.  The large displacement option is used to account for geometry changes as the plastic deformation takes place. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 19

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Material Selection  AISI 1020 cold rolled steel is selected.  Since the bilinear stress-strain material model is being used, a Strain Hardening Modulus appears in the properties. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 20

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Analysis Parameters The load is applied in an increasing fashion in 20 load increments (Capture rate). The duration is set to 1 second, but the problem does not include any inertia effects. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 21

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Maximum Applied Load  The onset of yielding starts at a load level of 2,190 lb.  The load is set to 5,000 lb. This was determined after several runs to be sufficient to let the material yield completely across the cross-section. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 22

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Results  These figures show the difference between the stress distribution computed using both elastic and elastic-plastic analysis types.  The high elastic stresses are unrealistic because they do not lie on the stress-strain curve of the material. Elastic-Plastic Results Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 23 Elastic Results

© 2011 Autodesk Freely licensed for use by educational institutions. Reuse and changes require a note indicating that content has been modified from the original, and must attribute source content to Autodesk. Education Community Summary  This module has provided an introduction to the elastic-plastic constitutive equations used in Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics software.  The difference between isotropic and kinematic hardening models was discussed and related to when each should be used.  The material parameters required by Autodesk Simulation Multiphysics for an elastic-plastic material were presented and related to the theory.  The steps taken to set up an analysis that uses an elastic-plastic material model were presented in the context of an example problem. Section 3 – Nonlinear Analysis Module 2 – Elastic-Plastic Materials Page 24