1 Livestock-Environment Interactions Why a concern ?

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Presentation transcript:

1 Livestock-Environment Interactions Why a concern ?

2 Causes: Increased industrial animal production More intensive use of local resources Underlying causes: Increase demand for animal products Increase in animals Decrease of local resources Impact of Production on Environment

3 Nutrient Flows, Risks & Benefits Feed Converted by Animals into Products for Consumption and Manure for Crop and Feed Production

4 Nutrient Flows and Risks FEED FARM ANIMALS PRODUCTS MANURE CROPS DEGRADATIONPOLLUTIONLOSSES CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN ISOLATION

5 Nutrient Flows and Benefits FEED FARM ANIMALS PRODUCTS MANURE CROPS Nutrients Used Nutrients Saved Nutrients Saved CROP - LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION

6 Environmental impacts Land Water Air Vegetation Bio-diversity Genetic- diversity –degradation, erosion –pollution N, additives –N and C emissions –change in compostion –loss of habitat –loss of breeds

7 Technologies: Feed Availability Feed Quality Animal Health Human Health Risk Animal Bio-diversity Plant Bio-diversity Farm Productivity Policies: Knowledge Financial Property-rights Regulations Institutional reform Organisational Options OPTIONS

8 Principal Livestock Systems GRAZING - nomadic - trans humance - sedentary MIXED - grazing - crop residues - cut and carry - feed from farm - external feed INDUSTRIAL - feed processing - farm production - product processing

9 Grazing Systems Nomadic Systems Transhumance Sedentary

10 Nomadic Systems PRODUCTION - static / decreasing OPTIONS - integration of mobile livestock systems in natural resource management of remote and dry/ winter grazing areas CONCERNS - degradation of vegetation - loss of bio-diversity - grazing conflicts in dry/ winter season

11 Transhumance PRODUCTION - stagnant / decreasing CONCERNS - degradation of vegetation - loss of bio-diversity OPTIONS - integration of trans humance in natural resources management - crop residues as feed source - cultivation of feed

12 Sedentary PRODUCTION - stagnant / decreasing CONCERNS - expansion through deforestation - loss of bio-diversity - excessive burning OPTIONS - crop livestock integration - livestock - wild life integration - mixed crop livestock farming

13 Mixed Systems Mixed Communal Grazing Mixed Crop Residues Mixed Cut & Carry Mixed Feed from Farm Mixed External Feed

14 Mixed Communal Grazing CONCERNS - land degradation through crop cultivation - pasture degradation through grazing PRODUCTION - static / decreasing OPTIONS - community management of communal pastures - feed production on farm - improved manure management

15 Mixed Crop Residues PRODUCTION - static CONCERNS - land degradation through crop cultivation OPTIONS - land for feed production - more livestock - improved manure management - fertilisers for crop cultivation

16 PRODUCTION - static CONCERNS - competition for communal feed - declining soil fertility in areas of feed origin OPTIONS - land for feed production - improved manure management - external feed for livestock Mixed Cut & Carry

17 Mixed Feed from Farm PRODUCTION - static CONCERNS - declining soil fertility OPTIONS - external feed for livestock - fertilisers

18 Mixed External Feed PRODUCTION - increasing CONCERNS - manure surplus and nutrient loss OPTIONS - improved manure management - integration with crop cultivation - mixed system as an alternative to industrial production

19 Industrial Systems Industrial Feed Processing Industrial Livestock Production Livestock Product Processing

20 Industrial Feed Processing PRODUCTION - increasing CONCERNS - food for feed - nutrient import from areas of origin - fossil fuel requirements OPTIONS - move food and feed processing to areas of crop production - increase crop production - import components to improve quality

21 Industrial Livestock Production PRODUCTION - increasing - feed from feed processing industry CONCERNS - pollution: poor manure management - feed additives and agro-chemicals - fossil fuel requirements production OPTIONS - improve & control manure management - move from (peri-) urban to rural areas - associate industrial livestock production with crop cultivation

22 Livestock Product Processing PRODUCTION - increasing CONCERNS - pollution: poor waste management - fossil fuel requirements - use of agro-chemicals OPTIONS - improve & control waste management - move to producing areas - fair competition through import tax on livestock products

23 TEPA TRAINING EXTENSION PUBLIC AWARENESS

24 TRAINING TRAINERS and TRAINING CENTRE ISSUES AND OPTIONS TRAINEES: –livestock specialists –environmentalists –forest / pasture specialists (grazing systems) –crop specialists (mixed systems) –builders (industrial system)

25 EXTENSION PUBLIC PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS –stakeholder participation –stakeholder organisation –communication –technologies –policies

26 PUBLIC AWARENESS PUBLIC & POLITICAL SUPPORT Through: Media and Extension On: Concerns, Policies, Technologies Using: Positive examples » mitigating negative » enhancing positive impacts