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The Fourth Asian Roundtable on Corporate Governance Shareholder Rights and the Equitable Treatment of Shareholders Deepankar Sanwalka KPMG “Tools and Rules to Combat Fraud” Mumbai, India November 2002 The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the OECD or its Member countries, the ADB or the World Bank

kpmg Contents Fraud Combating Fraud Internal controls Fraud diagnostic review Fraud control planning Keys to preventing fraud

kpmg What is Fraud? “A practically conclusive test as to the fraudulent character of a deception for criminal purposes is this: Did the author of the deceit derive any advantage from it which he could not have had if the truth had been known?” - Stephen’s “History of the Criminal Law of England”

kpmg is a deliberate deceit which is planned and executed to deprive an individual of property, money or any other valuable security. Fraud must be committed with intent and includes actions of misrepresentations and/or acts of omission Fraud

kpmg Combating Fraud  Controls structure to minimise fraud risk  Fraud risk management  Identification of red flags  Disaster recovery plans Managing the risk of fraud is essentially no different to managing any other type of business risk

kpmg Internal Control An effective control system within the organisation is the first deterrent to the occurrence of Fraud within the organisation Key principles:  Segregation of duties  Transparency in operations  Appropriate authosrisation procedures  Effective management supervision procedures  Safeguarding of Assets

kpmg Fraud risk management Principles of fraud risk management  Risk Assessment  Fraud control planning  Awareness training  Open channels of communication

kpmg Diagnostic Review  Identify the specific and inherent fraud risks  Determine the overall risk rating for each inherent risk  Assess the effectiveness of internal controls  Develop measures to counter the risk Risk is an integral part of business. But how do you effectively manage the risk of loss due to fraud?

kpmg Fraud control planning Definition of Fraud / Statement of attitude FRAUDCONTROLPLAN Reportingprotocols Fraud prevention/ Fraud prevention/ Internal control training Fraud Control Responsibilities Fraud risk assessment Internal audit strategy Documentedpolicy and procedures Pro-active fraud detection by line management

kpmg Red FlagsClassification Financial Documents Lifestyle & Personality Organisational Structure Accountability and Controls Ineffective/no communication channels Inadequate authorisation procedures Weak internal controls Tendency towards crisis management Missing documents/ alterations Excessive number of void documents No numerical controls Questionable handwriting/ authorisation Unusual billing address/ arrangements Lack of separation of duties Lack of physical security and/ or key control Weak links in chain of controls and accountability Missing independent checks on performance Dissatisfied worker No vacations or sick time off Close customer/ vendor relationships Excessive overtime

kpmg You’ve Been Defrauded! Ten Steps to Consider 1.Shut the door 2.Safeguard the evidence 3.Notify your insurer 4.Do not confront a suspect without consulting an advisor who has fraud investigation experience 5.Decide on your objectives 6.If you are considering prosecution, contact the police 7.Consider suspending the suspect employee 8.Determine whether external or internal resources will be used to investigate the fraud 9.Determine who should be interviewed 10.Consider prevention measures to prevent future occurrences

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