IDENTITY MANAGEMENT Hoang Huu Hanh (PhD), OST – Hue University hanh-at-hueuni.edu.vn

Federated Identity Management use of common identity management scheme ◦ across multiple enterprises & numerous applications ◦ supporting many thousands, even millions of users elements are: ◦ authentication, authorization, accounting, provisioning, workflow automation, delegated administration, password synchronization, self-service password reset

Identity Management with attributes

Federated ID Management in an enterprise environment  Web service scenario

Communication Standards Used Extensible Markup Language (XML) ◦ characterizes text elements in a document on appearance, function, meaning, or context Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) ◦ for invoking code using XML over HTTP WS-Security ◦ set of SOAP extensions for implementing message integrity and confidentiality in Web services Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) ◦ XML-based language for the exchange of security information between online business partners  Next we will talk about a simple and lightweight federated ID management solution, called

What is OpenID? an identity system a protocol not a service or company Motivation of OpenID: a lightweight authentication mechanism for online users, (e.g., bloggers, etc) An advocate of Identity 2.0: Dick Hardt

Design Goals low barrier to entry ◦ works with static HTML pages ◦ no central server ◦ understandable identity (a URL)  no new namespace  no public keys (key revocation, etc...) ◦ no browser plugins most simple protocol possible

What OpenID isn't... a trust system ◦ need identity before you can have trust a solution for all identity problems perfectly secure ◦ DNS spoofing ◦ man-in-the-middle

How's it work? proves “who” you are ◦ one-time assertions w/ digital signature ◦ see openid.net for specs not that you're a good person ◦ spammers can/will/have setup OpenID servers ◦ better than state of today ◦ Trust/reputation providers on their way  TrustRank free open libraries for most languages

Why URLs as identity? usability users don't understand public keys users don't understand namespaces users do understand URLs ◦ 10+ years of billboards and TV commercials you can click them ◦ tangible

Definitions in OpenID Relying Party: ◦ RP. A Web application that wants proof that the end user controls an Identifier. OpenID Provider or identity provider ◦ OP. An OpenID Authentication server on which a Relying Party relies for an assertion that the end user controls an Identifier. Identifier: ◦ An Identifier is a "http" or "https" URL User-Supplied Identifier:  An Identifier that was presented by the end user to the Relying Party, or selected by the user at the OpenID Provider.

OpenID Protocol Overview 1. The end user initiates authentication by presenting a User-Supplied Identifier to the Relying Party via their browser. ◦ The user enters her URL 2. The Relying Party performs discovery on it and establishes the OP Endpoint URL that the end user uses for authentication. ◦ Discovery is for the RP to find out who is the user’s identity provider and what is the URL of the provider

OpenID con’d 3. (optional) The Relying Party and the OP establish a shared secret established using Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange. The OP uses the shared key to sign subsequent messages and the Relying Party to verify those messages

Diffie-Hellman key exchange with no public keys The Relying Party specifies a modulus, p, and a generator, g. The Relying Party chooses a random private key xa and OpenID Provider chooses a random private key xb, both in the range [1.. p-1]. The shared secret is thus ◦ g (xa * xb) mod p = (g xa ) xb mod p = (g xb ) xa mod p.

Recall Diffie-Hellman Algorithm in a public key setting Compute a common, shared key Based on discrete logarithm problem ◦ Given integers n and g and prime number p, compute k such that n = g k mod p ◦ Solutions known for small p ◦ Solutions computationally infeasible as p grows large Constants: prime p, integer g ≠ 0, 1, p–1 ◦ Known to all participants Alice chooses private key k Alice, computes public key K Alice = g kAlice mod p ◦ Bob does the same To communicate with Bob, Alice computes K shared = K Bob kAlice mod p To communicate with Alice, Bob computes K shared = K Alice kBob mod p

What is the difference between the two Diffie-Hellman protocols?

OpenID cont’d 4. The Relying Party redirects the end user's browser to the OP with an OpenID authentication request. ◦ RP asks OP: is this user belonging to here? 5. The OP establishes whether the end user is authorized to perform OpenID Authentication. ◦ User authenticates herself to OP 6. The OP redirects the end user's browser back to the Relying Party with either an assertion that the authentication is approved or failed 7. The Relying Party verifies the information received from the OP including checking the Return URL, verifying the discovered information, checking the nonce, and verifying the signature by using either the shared key established during the association

Security analysis Adversary’s goal(s) Replay attacks – eavesdropping and reusing assertions ◦ Nonce Man-in-the-middle attacks, DNS related attacks (DNS cache poisoning, etc) ◦ OP should use a SSL certificate Denial-of-service attacks

Thank You! Slides credits: Danfeng Yao William Stallings and Lawrie Brown Brad Fitzpatrick