CHS Library & Other Resources “Building a Research Paper” It is important that the computer used for this presentation is one that has external speakers. That way the audio narration on this first slide will be audible. Also, it would be advisable to have students bring their grammar handbooks or turn to the MLA citation style section of their book. That way they can make the connection between the presentation’s materials and the book they are using. Introducing Plagiarism and MLA Citation Tips

Lesson Objectives Learn about the concept of plagiarism. Learn the reasons for using a citation style, like MLA. Correctly utilize and identify MLA citation style. This unit splits into three main parts, all of which are important to the overall understanding of citation style usage. The first is to learn what plagiarism is and why it is so bad. The second objective is geared to convincing the students to place importance on MLA, not just to avoid plagiarism, but because it will add to their credibility. Finally, the unit focuses on introducing the formats that are most commonly used in MLA citation.

What is Plagiarism? “Plagiarism” is the theft of words, phrases, sentence structures, ideas, or opinions.” Here it is important to stress to students that just because they put something in their own words, doesn’t excuse them from giving credit to the source. That is still plagiarism. In addition, it is also possible to plagiarize one’s self by turning in a paper twice or using “chunks” of previous papers in new papers. That also can get them into trouble if they do not cite themselves. The students might find that funny, but many professors have gotten into trouble that way. There are some examples from UTPA.

When does it occur? Plagiarism occurs when any such information is taken from any source or person and--intentionally or unintentionally--presented or "borrowed" without mention of the source. Plagiarism also occurs when materials from cited sources are reproduced exactly or nearly exactly but are not put in quotation marks. This continues the discussion of what plagiarism is, and it may be slightly repetitive. However, it needs to be reinforced that plagiarism can occur even if the action was done accidentally and not intentionally. Therefore, it is important to be very careful with how one uses sources.

How to Avoid Plagiarism The best way to avoid plagiarism is to learn how to use a citation style (like MLA) and then apply it consistently in all your work. If not, you may fail the assignment or course. Now that the students should be paying attention to the severe consequences that plagiarizing can have, you can bring up that the best way to avoid it is to ALWAYS give credit to your sources. In addition, using a citation style, like MLA, will give the writer more credibility in the eyes of the audience, and it will also allow people to replicate the same research that was done. This helps because it will allow people to build upon previous research, or to prove that you did it correctly.

When to give your source. . . You must acknowledge in your paper the source of A direct quotation A statistic An idea Someone else’s opinion Concrete facts not considered “common knowledge” Information not commonly known Information taken from the computer (CD ROMS, internet, etc.) Illustrations, photographs, or charts – if not yours Source: Silverman, Jay, Elaine Hughes, and Diana Roberts Weinbroer. Rules of Thumb: A Guide for Writers. New York: McGraw Hill, 2002.

When to Paraphrase or Summarize You must still acknowledge your source if you… Paraphrase: Put someone else’s ideas into your own words Summarize: Condense someone else’s words or ideas

Verbs in Signal Phrases: Signal Phrases in MLA Model Signal Phrases: “In the words of researchers Long and McKinzie…” “As Paul Rudnick has noted…” “Melinda Stuart, mother of a child killed by a drunk driver, points out…” “…,writes Michelle Moore, …” NOTE: Never use “says” Verbs in Signal Phrases: acknowledges admits agrees asserts believes claims comments confirms contends declares denies disputes emphasizes endorses grants illustrates Implies notes observes points out reasons refutes suggests writes Complete list: Hacker, Diana. A Writer’s Reference. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003. p. 336.

The Modern Language Association Citation Style (MLA Citation) MLA, like other citations styles consists of two things: In-text Citations (Also called Parenthetical Citations) Works Cited Page (composed of Bibliographic Entries) **You must utilize both correctly to avoid plagiarism! Here it is important to tell students that there are many other citation styles, and most of them have the same logical structure as MLA. However, there are differences in how dates are viewed, and whether citations always have page numbers or not. An example that can be used it to tell the students that in APA, the year is extremely important. So important, in fact, that the year goes right after the author’s name and unless someone is quoting, there is no page number, but the year is always there. It is also important to tell students that no matter which citation style they use, they will be required to put some kind of source information in the text and also a references or works cited page at the end. That is part of the underlying logic behind citations styles.

Cite Your Sources!! In-text citations of sources have two requirements: They need to include enough information for the audience to find the source on the works cited page. They need to include enough information so the audience knows where to find the borrowed material in the original source you used. Examples (Last Name Page #) (Garcia 136) Between the two parts of MLA, in-text citations (sometimes called “parenthetical citations”) are the most important. There will be more of these than there will be bibliographic entries. If even one of these citations is missing where information has been borrowed from a source, technically the writer has plagiarized.

In-Text Citation – Author & Page No. (Keeling 125) Notice there is no “p” and no comma. The struggle for identity is common during puberty (Keeling 125).

In-Text Citations – Page No. Only If you have already mentioned the author’s name, put a page number only: Keeling states that Plath’s work stands in stark contrast to other confessional poets (58).

In-Text Citation – Organization as Author Often, an organization serves as the author: The National Council for Teachers of English state that students bring insider knowledge of youth culture and a passion for and investment in its texts and practices (5). OR Students bring insider knowledge of youth culture (National Council for the Teachers of English 5).

Other forms of In-Text Citations Two authors: (Johnson and Rodriguez 221) Three or more authors: (York et al. 75)  “et al.” means “and others” A work with no page numbers (like a webpage): (Miller) *You add the full title only if it is short. If it is a long title, you only use the first one or two words. There are many different forms of citations, depending on the type of source. However, these are the main five. For all other formats, they should consult their grammar handbook, or even better, the MLA handbook.

Works Cited Entries A Works Cited Page is composed of Works Cited Entries, commonly called bibliographic entries. There are dozens of different types of sources, and there is an MLA work cited format for each one. The most common formats are those for: A book with one author A book with two authors A book with an editor An article from an online periodical (journals and magazines) An internet site The other half of MLA citation is the Works Cited page, which is composed of bibliographic entries that match up to the in-text citations in the paper. For every unique citation in the paper there should be a corresponding bibliographic entry. That allows the reader to look up the citation on the Works Cited page and find out how they can find that source themselves, should they want to. Also, although there are over 60 different formats for bibliographic entries, these five are the most commonly used and if they learn how to do these five very well, then they can understand the others that are in the book. It is impossible to memorize all of the formats, so it is good to always go back to the book as a reference.

A Book with One Author For example: (sample) Last, First. Book Title. City: Publisher, Year. (example) Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice. Cambridge: Harvard Press, 1982. A book with one author is the most common format at the moment. However, with websites cropping up so quickly and e-books becoming more commonplace, there will be other formats that need to be used too. However, this one is a good format to start learning MLA because it has all the main components of an informative entry.

A Book with Two+ Authors The basic format for a book with two authors is nearly identical to one with one author. You just need to add the second author’s name, but this time the second author goes First Name first, Last Name Last. For example: (sample) Last, First and First Last. Book Title. City: Publisher, Year. (example) Embry, Carol and Joseph Addison. The lives of the Eighteenth Century Satirists. London: Penguin, 1796. This one is nearly identical to the previous format. Nevertheless, it is important to go over because the difference is that when the extra author(s) is listed, those names are not listed “last name” first. They are listed as you would call a person in everyday life: first name and then last name. *Notice that when a citation does not fit on one line, the next line starts 5 spaces in from the first line.

An Internet Site For example: (sample) Last, First. “Title of page.” Title of home page. Date written or posted (day month, year). Date visited <site address of title page>. (example) Smith, Mary. “Science in America.” United States Science. 3 May 2010 <http://spaceflight.usa.gov/spacenews.html>. Webpages are increasingly becoming popular sources for information. However, it is important to mention to students that many of these pages contain incorrect information and therefore they are not reputable sources to use. With this in mind, students should be careful which websites they should believe. Using government websites and some schools sites are good, but others cannot be fully trusted because they lack the credibility. *Because webpages are unregulated, there is a great degree of variation on whether it will have all these pieces of information. If your site does not, skip that piece and move on to the next one.

In-Text Citations - How Often to Give Citations When several facts in a row within one paragraph all come from the same page of a source, use one citation to cover them all. Place the citation after the last fact. The citation MUST be in the same paragraph as the facts!

Works Cited List only those sources that you actually used List the complete title of the article, essay, or book Alphabetize your list by authors’ last names or the first main word in a title Online sources usually follow the print format followed by the URL <URL>. (journals, newspapers, magazines, abstracts, books, reviews, scholarly projects or databases, etc.) Format – Author’s last name first Double-space Left Margin Indent second and third lines five spaces Most item separated by periods – leave one space after ending punctuation. Place a period at the end of each entry.

Now for some practice! Before proceeding, it would be useful to ask if there are any questions. That way they can feel a little more confident when answering the following four questions.

Which of the following examples is a correctly formatted citation for a one author book, where the quoted material comes from page 75? (Jones, 75) (Jones, p.75) The answer to this one is (Jones 75). Hopefully, they will recognize that MLA is very simple and “clean.” It rarely uses commas in in-text citations, so this should be easy to learn. (Jones 75) (Jones page 75)

Correct! (Jones 75) In text citations for one author books only contain the author’s last name and the page number. You should not put a comma, “p.” or “page.” If they got this one correct on the first try, then they have learned the simplicity of in-text citations and that is a great start. Congratulate them before moving on.

Which of the following examples is a correctly formatted citation for a two author book, where the quoted material starts on page 84 and ends on page 86? (Garica and Lo, 84-86) (Garica and Lo 84-86) Although this example was not expressly covered in the presentation, this should help them start developing their critical thinking aspects of how to use what they know and apply it to a new situation. (Garica & Lo 84-86) (Garica & Lo 84 to 86)

Correct!  (Garica and Lo 84-86) In text citations for two author books contain the authors’ last names separated by “and”, and the page number. When there is a range of pages, you put the starting page, a dash, and then the ending page. It would be wonderful if they got it on the first try. If they did, tell them they are on their way to becoming citation “experts.”

The example below is what kind of a bibliographic citation? Erickson, Leif. “How I discovered America.” Journal of Viking Studies 24 (1991): 25-42. Periodical Book with one author This question is testing whether they remember that journals are a type of periodical. Webpage Newspaper

Correct!  Periodical Bibliographic citations that have “” quotation marks, automatically should tell you that it is a selection in another publication. Therefore, these types of citations are either journal, magazine, or newspaper articles (all periodicals). Once they get it correct, you have the opportunity to reinforce that the idea that articles go in quotation marks, while the publication in which they come are underlined. That is true for every type of periodical.

In the following citation, what part of it is incorrect? Holland, Merlin, and Miller, John. The Big Book of Stories. Chicago: Altamira Press, 2000. City 2nd Author’s Name This particular question is trying to assess whether they understood that the names of additional authors (other than the first) always are presented in “normal” order. Publisher 1st Author’s Name

Correct!  2nd Author’s Name Bibliographic citations list the first author’s name “last name” first and “first name” last, but all other authors are listed “first name” first and “last name” last. If they got all four correctly on the first try, then they really were paying attention to the presentation and you do not have to worry too much about how they will do on their own.

What you learned today In this lesson you learned: about plagiarism, the importance of citation styles, and how to use MLA citation style. Good Luck building your research paper. Use your Library—we can help you be Successful! Now that they have been exposed to the three objectives it is time to use the knowledge and apply it to a paper. There is nothing like actually writing a researched essay or paper to build up the skills in using citation styles. The next slide has links that can serve as good links for understanding plagiarism, and also for seeing all the different citations and entries in MLA.