Surface Processes weathering, mass wasting, erosion, deposition

GLACIER MOVEMENT SIMILARITIES Alpine and continental glaciers are the same in the way in which the ice moves It is like a slow conveyer belt. Snow enters the glacier at the top or head, becomes compacted and eventually converted to ice. Ice under pressure will flow. Alpine glaciers flow down hill continental glaciers flow from thick areas to thin areas.

DIFFERENCES ALPINE VS. CONTINENTAL Alpine glaciers leave very rugged sharp peaks Continental glaciated leave rounded and flat areas

Alpine glacier- Alaska

Alpine/valley glacier Alaska

Alpine glacier Mt. Rainier

Continental glacier –Mt. Katadin ME rounded mountain top

Glacier - Alaska

TYPES OF GLACIAL MATERIAL I A. SORTED WATER deposited (glacial-lacustrine) Ex. Kames, eskers (geomorphic features) Outwash plains WIND deposited sediments near the ice margins Ex. Loess deposits

DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES OF GLACIERS ( NAMES of FEATURES) Moraines- end, lateral, recessional, ground, interlobate --- piles of unsorted material Kames- delta, terrace, moulin---mounds of sorted material Eskers--- long snake like features of sorted material Outwash plains---- flat expanses of fine material washed from the base of a glacier

Glacial processes and features applied to continental glaciers

Depositional features of Continental glaciers

Glacial Ice Alaska

Alpine Glacier-Mt Rainier

Glacial-Fluvial (Kame) deposit Germantown WI

Braided stream- at terminus of glacier

Moulin Kame-Pike Lake WI

Formation of one type of Kame

Holy Hill WI - Moulin Kame

Myra Esker near West Bend WI

Kettle Moraine Area

Gilbert lake WI Cobblestone House

TYPES OF GLACIAL MATERIAL II B. UNSORTED GLACIAL MATERIAL Indicates direct contact with ice, moved by the ice Ex. Till ---- which makes up moraines All moraines are basically till But you can find glacial- lacustrine Deposits with the moraines

Typical Shoreline Material in S.E. Wisconsin: gray till, red till, and sand

EROSIONAL FEATURES OF GLACIERS Striations Rounding of bedrock U shaped valleys (alpine) Potholes

Potholes – Taylor Falls MN Produced by glacial meltwater

GLACIAL EROSION- ROUNDED SURFACES

GLACIAL STRIATIONS

DRUMLINS Depositional and Erosional ? Elongated in the direction of the ice. Not found everywhere ( Wisconsin and New York state have several drumlin fields) Can be composed of rock, till, or sorted sediments. Suggests they could be the result of glacier advancing over former deposits

Drumlin Camblesport WI

Drumlins in Jefferson Co.

Drumlin in Jefferson Co.

Inside the Drumlin

Shape of Drumlin

GLACIAL AGES (ADVANCES AND RETREATS) TRADITIONAL NAMES Nebraskan 1,000, ,000,000 yrs ago Kansanan 400,000 yrs. Ago Illinoisan 115,000 yrs. Ago Wisconsinan ( 65,000 years - 10,000 years ago CURRENT NAMES Pre-Illinoisan Illinoisan Wisconsinan past 100,000 years. Most complete history starting about 26,000 years B.P.

EXTENT OF GLACIATION The Wisconsin glaciation covered a great part of the eastern u.S. It extended to the east coast and formed such places as long island, cape cod And block island. The rocky mts. Were also exposed to the glacial ice, but in the form of alpine glaciation. The great ski resorts are located in the glacial valleys. (Wisconsinites on the other hand ski mostly on glacial deposites)

EXTENT OF LAST GLACIATION

OTHER FACTS ABOUT CONTINENTAL GLACIERS A. Ice was 1 to 2 miles thick at its central point (in Canada) B. Sea level dropped by ft. Because so much water was taken up in ice. C. Glaciers erode material from the middle of its course and deposit it at the end. D.Wisconsin driftless area - no glaciation during Wisconsinan glaciation ? cause?

GLACIAL EROSION AND DEPOSITION

POINTS OF GREAT INEREST IN WISCONSIN RELATING TO GLACIERS! 1. Glacial lake Wisconsin--- Cranberry bogs 2. Driftless area 3. Wisconsin dells

Driftless Area WI

MOST IMPORTANT TO US IN SE WISCONSIN 1. Lake Michigan lobe 2. Green Bay lobe 3. Soils / tills left by these glacial advances 4. The problems of lake shore erosion caused by the glacial - lacustrine materials--Grant Park as an example 5. Old beach levels or shorelines – Drs Park, Beach Dr., Audubon Center 6. Mineral resources of sand and gravel

POSSIBLE CAUSES OF GLACIATION A. Variation in the rotation of the earth B. Variation in the solar output C. Plate tectonics D. Volcanism