Absolute Monarchy in France The World of the Bourbons

Do Clothes Make the Man? How is power expressed in what leaders wear in public?

Bourbon Kings of France - Louis XIII ¬ Henri IV (Navarre) the first Bourbon King… assassinated! ¬ Louis XIII = king at (8) in 1610 ¬ Queen Marie de Medici = Regent until 1617 ¬ Louis XIII assumed control at age 15… plots, plots and more plots ¬ Cardinal Richelieu is Chief Minister

Cardinal Richelieu ¬ Chief Minister of Louis XIII… shrewd!! – monarchy, ↓ nobles ¬ Huguenot Policy –↓ political & military rights = ↑royal control –Kept religious rights in tact ¬ Security for the Throne –Spies to foil plots by nobles –Domestic intelligence to maintain control

Marie Theresa & the Dauphin

Louis XIV the Sun King Louis XIV the Sun King

Louis XIV & Cardinal Mazarin ¬ Louis XIV is King at age 5 ¬ Queen Anne is Regent + Mazarin is PM ¬ Mazarin ↑ France & royal power via policy, conflict & treaty ¬ Revolts by nobles… La Fronde… crushed in 1652 and leads to greater royal authority via new tactics… work through the nobility to gain greater power for the monarch!

Louis XIV the Sun King ¬ Mazarin dies 1661… Louis XIV assumes sole power at 23 ¬ Moved Court to Versailles ¬ Served by nobility, monitored royals ¬ Dominated decision making ¬ Dictated foreign policy ¬ Domestic policy via bribery & favors “L’etat, c’est moi”

Louis XIV the Sun King ¬ King above Church ¬ Persecuted Jansenist sect of RC ¬ Went along with Papal policy ¬ Went against Gallican Liberty idea ¬ Revoked Edict of Nantes ¬ Anti-Huguenot policy ¬ Influenced by Madame Maintenon ¬ Huguenots flee >> anti-French factions L’etat, c’est moi

Wars of Louis XIV - Sun King ¬ French Expansion & Security ¬ War of the Devolution > Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle = Fr gains land in Sp. N. ¬ Treaty of Dover (E+F v. N) >> Peace of Nijmwegen >> ↑land ¬ War of Spanish Succession –Bourbon on Sp. Throne –Leads to ↑European border stability “L’etat, c’est moi”

The Bourbon Family Crest

Louis XIII’s Old Chateau

By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY adapted by Mr. Reiner Kolodinski By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY adapted by Mr. Reiner Kolodinski

The Sun Symbol

Palais de Versailles

Garden View of Versailles

Chateau de Versailles

Versailles Palace, Park Side

Versailles’ Northern Gardens

Gardens at Versailles

André Le Nôtre, Royal Gardener

Grounds at Versailles

Fountains, Fountains, and More Fountains!

And More Fountains!

And Even More Fountains!!!

Temple of Love

The Orangery

The Gallery of Battles

Hall of Mirrors

The Queen’s Bed The King’s Bed

Louis XIV’s Chapel

Louis XIV’s Chapel Altar

Organ in Louis XIV’s Chapel

Louis XIV’s Opera Stage

Louis XIV as Apollo by Jean Nocret, 1670

Cabinet with Views of Versailles, 19c

Louis XIV Furniture

Louis XIV’s Carriage

Louis XIV by Bernini, 1665

Versailles Statistics f 2,000 acres of grounds f 12 miles of roads f 27 miles of trellises f 200,000 trees f 210,000 flowers planted every year f 80 miles of rows of trees f 55 acres surface area of the Grand Canal f 12 miles of enclosing walls f 50 fountains and 620 fountain nozzles f 21 miles of water conduits f 3,600 cubic meters per hour: water consumed f 26 acres of roof f 51,210 square meters of floors f 2,153 windows f 700 rooms f 67 staircases f 6,000 paintings f 1,500 drawings and 15,000 engravings f 2,100 sculptures f 5,000 items of furniture and objects d'art f 150 varieties of apple and peach trees in the Vegetable Garden

Jean-Baptiste Colbert - Finance Minister ¬ Mercantilism –Acquire Bullion (G + S) –Export > Imports –Domestic Industrial development via subsidy –Infrastructure development –Protective Tariffs –Colonies serve France –Expansion pursued For new markets & resources

Louis XV [r – 1774]

The “Hunts” of Louis XV

Madame de Pompadour

Madame de Pompadour’s Bedroom

Petite Trianon, Madame de Pompadour’s Chateau

Louis XVI + Marie Antoinette ¬ Louis –Quiet, introvert –Hunts, Toys & Locks –Socially Awkward –Physical issues ¬ Marie (Hapsburg) –Beautiful –Outgoing, Vivacious –Poised, Well-bred

Marie Antoinette & Her Children

Marie Antoinette’s Boudoir

Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant” House

Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant’s Hut”