Chapter 8: BJT Small-Signal Analysis

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 8: BJT Small-Signal Analysis Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

BJT Small Signal Analysis Slide 1 The re and hybrid models will be used to analyze AC small-signal transistor circuits. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration Slide 2 The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is from the collector. The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input impedance and low output impedance with a high voltage and current gain. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Removing DC effects of VCC and Capacitors Slide 3 Removing DC effects of VCC and Capacitors Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

re Model Slide 4 Determine , re, and ro:  and ro: look in the specification sheet for the transistor or test the transistor using a curve tracer. re: calculate re using dc analysis: Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Impedance Calculations Slide 5 Input Impedance: [Formula 8.1] [Formula 8.2] Output Impedance: [Formula 8.3] [Formula 8.4] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Gain Calculations Slide 6 Voltage Gain (Av): [Formula 8.5] Current Gain (Ai): [Formula 8.7] [Formula 8.8] Current Gain from Voltage Gain: [Formula 8.9] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Phase Relationship Slide 7 The phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. The negative sign used in the voltage gain formulas indicates the inversion. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

CE – Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration Slide 8 CE – Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

re Model Slide 9 You still need to determine , re, and ro. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Impedance Calculations Slide 10 Input Impedance: [Formula 8.10] [Formula 8.11] Output Impedance: [Formula 8.12] [Formula 8.13] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Gain Calculations Slide 11 Voltage Gain (Av): [Formula 8.14] Current Gain (Ai): [Formula 8.16] [Formula 8.17] [Formula 8.18] Current Gain from Voltage Gain: [Formula 8.19] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Phase Relationship Slide 12 A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration Slide 13 Unbypassed RE Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

re Model Slide 14 Again you need to determine , re. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Impedance Calculations Slide 15 Input Impedance: [Formula 8.20] [Formula 8.21] [Formula 8.22] [Formula 8.23] Output Impedance: [Formula 8.33] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Gain Calculations Slide 16 Voltage Gain (Av): [Formula 8.25] or [Formula 8.27] Current Gain (Ai): [Formula 8.28] Current Gain from Voltage Gain: [Formula 8.29] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Phase Relationship Slide 17 A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

CE Emitter-Bias Configuration Slide 18 Bypassed RE This is the same circuit as the CE fixed-bias configuration and therefore can be solved using the same re model. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Emitter-Follower Configuration Slide 19 You may recognize this as the Common-Collector configuration. Indeed they are the same circuit. Note the input is on the base and the output is from the emitter. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

re Model Slide 20 You still need to determine , re, and ro. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Impedance Calculations Slide 21 Input Impedance: [Formula 8.37] [Formula 8.38] [Formula 8.39] [Formula 8.40] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Impedance Calculations (cont’d) Slide 22 Output Impedance: [Formula 8.42] [Formula 8.43] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Gain Calculations Slide 23 Voltage Gain (Av): [Formula 8.44] Current Gain (Ai): [Formula 8.46] Current Gain from Voltage Gain: [Formula 8.47] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Phase Relationship Slide 24 A CC amplifier or Emitter Follower configuration has no phase shift between input and output. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Common-Base (CB) Configuration Slide 25 The input (Vi) is applied to the emitter and the output (Vo) is from the collector. The Common-Base is characterized as having low input impedance and high output impedance with a current gain less than 1 and a very high voltage gain. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

re Model Slide 26 You will need to determine  and re. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Impedance Calculations Slide 27 Input Impedance: [Formula 8.54] Output Impedance: [Formula 8.55] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Gain Calculations Slide 28 Voltage Gain (Av): [Formula 8.56] Current Gain (Ai): [Formula 8.57] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Phase Relationship Slide 29 A CB amplifier configuration has no phase shift between input and output. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

CE Collector Feedback Configuration Slide 30 This is a variation of the CE Fixed-Bias configuration. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

re Model Slide 31 You will need to determine  and re. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Impedance Calculations Slide 32 Input Impedance: [Formula 8.58] Output Impedance: [Formula 8.59] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Gain Calculations Slide 33 Voltage Gain (Av): [Formula 8.60] Current Gain (Ai): [Formula 8.61] [Formula 8.62] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Phase Relationship Slide 34 This is a CE amplifier configuration; therefore there is a 180-degree phase shift between input and output. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit Slide 35 The h-parameters can be derived from the re model: hie = re hib = re hfe =  hfb = - hoe = 1/ro The h-parameters are also found in the specification sheet for the transistor. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

CE Fixed-Bias Configuration Slide 36 CE Fixed-Bias Configuration Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Hybrid Equivalent Circuit Slide 37 Impedances: [Formula 8.83] [Formula 8.84] Gain: [Formula 8.85] [Formula 8.86] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

CE Voltage-Divider Configuration Slide 38 CE Voltage-Divider Configuration Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Hybrid Equivalent Circuit Slide 39 Impedances: [Formula 8.87] [Formula 8.88] Gain: [Formula 8.89] [Formula 8.90] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

CE Unbypassed Emitter-Bias Configuration Slide 40 CE Unbypassed Emitter-Bias Configuration Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Hybrid Equivalent Circuit Slide 41 Impedances: [Formula 8.91] [Formula 8.92] [Formula 8.93] Gain: [Formula 8.94] [Formula 8.95] [Formula 8.96] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

CC or Emitter-Follower Configuration Slide 42 CC or Emitter-Follower Configuration Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Hybrid Equivalent Circuit Slide 43 Impedances: [Formula 8.97] [Formula 8.98] [Formula 8.99] Gain: [Formula 8.100] [Formula 8.101] [Formula 8.102] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

CB Configuration Slide 44 Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Hybrid Equivalent Circuit Slide 45 Impedances: [Formula 8.103] [Formula 8.104] Gain: [Formula 8.105] [Formula 8.106] Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Summary Table Slide 46a Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Summary Table Slide 46b Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Troubleshooting Slide 47 1. Check the DC bias voltages – if not correct check power supply, resistors, transistor. Also check to ensure that the coupling capacitor between amplifier stages is OK. 2. Check the AC voltages – if not correct check transistor, capacitors and the loading effect of the next stage. Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Practical Applications Slide 48 • Audio Mixer • Preamplifier • Random-Noise Generator • Sound Modulated Light Source Robert Boylestad Digital Electronics Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.