+ octet rule structures Exam 3 Wednesday 3 December See Mini-quizzes 24-34 + octet rule structures + formal charge

For Mini-quiz 34

All bonds contain two electrons. Lewis `octet’ model (see also pp. 378) The Entire Lewis model In a nutshell: All bonds contain two electrons. All elements except H and He1 seek an outer (valence) shell of 8 electrons. If you can –minimize formal charge. For elements from P onwards, you can break the octet rule and use rule 3. 1H and He are satisfied with 2 electrons= `duet’ rule

Multi-atom, neutral compounds1 IN-CLASS BOARD OCTET RULE PRACTICE (continued):: Multi-atom, neutral compounds1 Tri, tetratomics CO2 H2O OF2 COCl2 1How do we know what bonds to what ? Some rules of thumb: Atoms closer to center of Periodic Table are in center of molecule Molecules tend to be symmetric.

Which structure below satisfies the Lewis octet rule for SOBr2 ? all single bond S=O double S=Br double None of the above

tri,tetra-atomics CO2  H2O  OF2 COCl2  IN-CLASS BOARD OCTET RULE PRACTICE WITH:: Diatomics O2  N2  CO  tri,tetra-atomics CO2  H2O  OF2 COCl2  oxyanions NO3- CO3- SO42-

Which is the best structure for SO32- that satisfies the Lewis octet rule All single S-O 1 S=O,2 S-O 2 =O, 1 S-O All S=O

tri,tetra-atomics CO2  H2O  OF2 COCl2  IN-CLASS BOARD OCTET RULE PRACTICE WITH:: Diatomics O2  N2  CO  tri,tetra-atomics CO2  H2O  OF2 COCl2  oxyanions NO3-  CO32-  SO42- Non-Lewis octet H2SO4 SO2 SO3 SO42-

BEYOND THE OCTET RULE: FORMAL CHARGE UGLY CHEMICAL FACT OF LIFE #1: For elements starting with Si in the 3rd row, the octet rule is often broken. EXAMPLE #1: BATTERY ACID (H2SO4) Lewis octet prediction for H2SO4 structure From Experiment (Kuczkowski et. al. 1983)

  a) SO2 SO3 SO42- What is the octet rule prediction for SO2 ? VS. We-work-it Examples where formal charge is minimized even if we break the octet rule. a) SO2 SO3 SO42- What is the octet rule prediction for SO2 ?   VS. + and – formal charges Lewis rule 3 says not good No formal charges anywhere. Lewis rule 3 says good !

Which is the best structure for PO42- that satisfies the minimize formal charge rule All single P-O 1P=O, 3P-O 2P=O, 2P-O None of the above

tri,tetra-atomics CO2  H2O  OF2 COCl2  IN-CLASS BOARD OCTET RULE PRACTICE WITH:: Diatomics O2  N2  CO  tri,tetra-atomics CO2  H2O  OF2 COCl2  oxyanions NO3-  CO32-  SO42- Non-Lewis octet H2SO4  SO2  SO3 SO42-  Non-Lewis octet and radicals PF5 SF6 NO2

PF5 SF6 CRAZY STABLE !!! (Demo) Examples where we minimize formal charge or simply break octet rule because of the atom count on central atom. CRAZY STABLE !!! (Demo) PF5 SF6

Lewis model prediction UGLY CHEMICAL FACT OF LIFE #2 For many compounds the Lewis octet prediction of bond lengths don’t match experiment even for elements < Si Example 1: Ozone O3 Lewis model prediction Expect O-O length = 15 pm Expect O=O length = 12 pm Observe : Both bond lengths are identical=13.5 pm

Example 2: Benzene C6H6 Lewis Model prediction Expect C-C lengths= 16 pm Expect C=C lengths = 13 pm Observe: all C-C lengths are identical = 14.5 pm

Resonance structure All bonds are equivalent in resonance structures The common thread: if electrons can be moved to make the same molecule => `resonance’ Resonance structure All bonds are equivalent in resonance structures Resonance structure

O-O length = 15 pm O=O length = 12 pm Average = 13.5 pm `RESONANCE’ circulates the electrons evenly between participating atoms so that the bond lengths between those atoms are identical and an average of the possible single/ double bond distributions. O-O length = 15 pm O=O length = 12 pm Average = 13.5 pm Observed O-O bonds all = 13.5 pm C-C lengths= 16 pm C=C lengths = 13 pm Average = 14.5 pm Observed C-C bonds all = 14.5 pm

What is the static octet prediction for each ? U-Do-it: Oxyanion examples of resonance NO3- NO2- CO3-2 What is the static octet prediction for each ? b) What is the actual, expected bond order to O for each example ? 3/2=1.5 4/3= 1.333 4/3=1.333

BEYOND THE OCTET RULE: FORMAL CHARGE UGLY CHEMICAL FACT OF LIFE #1: For elements starting with Si in the 3rd row, the octet rule is often broken. EXAMPLE #1: BATTERY ACID (H2SO4) Lone pairs not shown Lewis octet prediction for H2SO4 structure From Experiment (Kuczkowski et. al. 1983)

1.5 a) SO2 SO3 SO42- What will be the S-O bond order in SO42- ? U-Do-it Examples where we minimize formal charge or simply break octet rule- a) SO2 SO3 SO42- What is the octet rule prediction for SO2 ? What will be the S-O bond order in SO42- ? 1.5

b) H3PO4 PO43- 5/4 =1.25 What will be the P-O bond order in PO43- ? U-Do-it Examples where we minimize formal charge or simply break octet rule (continued) b) H3PO4 PO43- What will be the P-O bond order in PO43- ? 5/4 =1.25

c) HClO4 ClO41- 7/4 =1.75 What will be the Cl-O bond order in ClO4-? U-Do-it Examples where we minimize formal charge or simply break octet rule (continued) c) HClO4 ClO41- What will be the Cl-O bond order in ClO4-? 7/4 =1.75

MORE…?? Diatomics O2 N2 CO tri, tetra-atomics CO2 H2O SOCl2 IN-CLASS BOARD PRACTICE WITH:: Diatomics O2 N2 CO tri, tetra-atomics CO2 H2O SOCl2 oxyanions NO3- CO3- SO42- Non-Lewis octet SO42- SO3 PF5 SF6 MORE…??