Round 1Round 2

NeuronsElectrical States of Neurons Types of Nervous Systems Sensory Receptors & Chemicals Control of Functions in the Brain Other Components of the Nervous System Final Jeopardy Round 1 Round 2 Round 1

What are the two parts of a neuron specifically designed for the sending and receiving of electrical impulses? Dendrite – Receiving Axon – Sending Round 1

Which type of neuron receives the initial stimulus? Sensory Neuron Exs. Eye stimulated by light, Hand stimulated by touch

Round 1 What do motor neurons stimulate? Effectors, or target cells that produce some kind or response Ex. Stimulate muscles to create movement

What type of neurons are found in the brain and spinal cord? Round 1 Interneurons Receive impulses from sensory neurons or send impulses to motor neurons

The classification of neuron that has a single axon and many dendrites? Multipolar Round 1

The charge inside the neuron at resting membrane potential? Negative Round 1

The first ion to move across the cell membrane during an action potential? Which way does it move? Sodium (Na) ions move into the cell. The move through diffusion and attraction of opposite charges. Round 1

After Sodium moves into a cell during an action potential, what ion moves next and in which direction? Round 1 Potassium (K+) ions move out of the cell. This causes the cell to become negative inside once again. (Stops the action potential)

What process uses energy to reset the ions on both sides of the cell membrane? The sodium-potassium pump. It pumps sodium back out and potassium ions back into the cell. The cell cannot have another action potential until this is complete (refractory period). Round 1

What is the refractory period? the membrane is polarized but the K+ and Na+ are on the wrong sides of the membrane the neuron will not respond to a new stimulus during this period and the ions will return to their resting potential to receive a stimulus Round 1

What are the 2 main division of the Nervous system? The CNS & the PNS. Round 1

Of what does a central nervous system consist? a brain and a spinal cord Round 1

What does the somatic nervous system do? Round 1 It contracts the skeletal muscles

What does the autonomic nervous system control? controls the activity of organs and various involuntary muscles Ex. Cardiac and Smooth Round 1

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions Round 1

What chemical crosses the synaptic cleft and carries messages to the next neuron or effector organ? Neurotransmitters Round 1

Excess heat, pressure or specific classes of chemicals released from damaged tissues stimulate what kind of receptors? Round 1 Pain Receptors (free nerve endings)

Neurons that carry messages from sense receptors to the CNS are called? Snesory or afferent neurons Round 1

Hot and cold are detected by what kind of receptor? Thermoreceptors they also help maintain body temperature Round 1

Neurons that carry messages from the CNS to muscles are called? Motor neurons or efferent neurons Round 1

Higher level thinking and decision making is controlled by what part of the brain? cerebrum Round 1

The knee jerk reflex is integrated by what part of the CNS? The spinal cord Round 1

Thirst, appetite, sex, pain, and pleasure centers are regulated by the… hypothalamus The hypothalamus plays a role in the limbic system (emotional brain) Round 1

The ability to speak is housed in which structure of the brain?Which hemisphere is it normally located in? Broca’s area. It is normally located in the left hemisphere. Round 1

Name two reflexes in addition to the knee jerk reflex. withdrawal reflex pupillary reflex gag reflex salivary reflex sweating Round 1

What is a myelin sheath? glial cells that wrap themselves around the axon of a neuron to insulate it (Schwann cells in PNS or oligodendrocytes in CNS) Round 1

What type of glial cells would be present in a man who has an infection in the brain? Microglia would be present. Microglia help kill invaders and get rid of debris in the CNS. Round 1

What does cerebrospinal fluid do and where is it produced? cushions the brain and spinal cord, brings the cells nutrients, and washes away wastes. It is produced by the choroid plexuses found in each ventricle. Round 1

What type of glia cell makes of the blood-brain barrier? astrocytes They connect capillaries to neurons. Round 1

Which type of glial cells form the coverings and line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord? ependymal cells Round 1

Final Jeopardy Answer Round 1 Type of cell that is specialized to carry messages. Round 2 More Review

Final Jeopardy Answer What is a neuron?

Round 2 Brain Sections Brain Sections Continued NervesVocabReview Questions Review Questions Continued Final Jeopardy Round 2More Review

The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain are all part of what section of the brain? Round 1 The brain stem This controls functions such as breathing rate, regulates arousal and sleep, and conducts sensory and motor signals between the spinal cord

What two types of matter is the cerebrum made out of? white and gray matter Round 1

What does the cerebellum control? Round 1 Balance, coordination, motor control

What does the band of axons called the corpus callosum do? connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain Round 1

What is the function of the hypothalamus? regulates homeostasis This includes the following functions: feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproducing. It is also a thermostat, an appestat (adjusts appetite), a thirst center, and regulates circadian rhythms. Round 1

What is the anterior association are responsible for? socially acceptable behavior Higher level thinking Problem solving Language comprehension Round 1

To which part of the brain do the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus belong? the diencephalon Round 1

What is the difference between white and gray matter? White matter has myelin sheaths surrounding the axons and gray matter contains cell bodies and unmyelinated axons Round 1

Name and diagram the 4 lobes of the brain. Give a brief function of each. Frontal: primary motor area; decision making Parietal: Primary sensory area Occipital: vision Temoral: hearing Round 1

Describe the following features of the cerebrum: gyri, sulci, fissure. gyri: convolutions, sulci: shallow grooves; fissures: deep grooves Transverse, Lateral, longitudinal, central sulcus Round 1

What are the two regions of nerves in the PNS? Cranial nerves and spinal nerves Round 2

How many cranial nerves are there? 12 Round 2

What is one pnemonic device to remember the cranial nerves? Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very good velvet, ah. Ow, ow, ow, to try and fight voldemort. Gee, voldemort’s arms hurt. Round 2

What is the cranial nerve that carries sensory and motor impulses to the visceral organs like the heart and lungs? The Vagus Nerve (X) Round 2

Which cranial nerve carries sensory information of smells? olfactory (I) Round 2

What parts of the body does the brachial plexus serve? The arms Round 2

Spaces between myelin sheeths are called… Nodes of Ranvier Round 2

Groups of cell bodies found in the PNS are called ganglia Round 2

What are the two pathways of information through the spinal cord? Ascending & descending. Round 2

What is the major function of the pons? Round 2 Controls breathing rate

What are the three main functions of the nervous system? sensory neurons – receive information from the sensory receptors interneurons – transfer and interpret impulses motor neurons – send appropriate impulses/ instructions to the muscles and glands Round 2

What is a stimulus? the cause of a physical response Round 2

What is an effector? a body part (muscle or organ) that is activated by a stimulus (nerve impulse) Round 2

What does a myelin sheath do? it insulates the nerve it acts much similarly to the insulation on a wire Round 2

What are white and gray matter found? gray matter is the cell body white matter is the filaments in between the cells Round 2

What common ions are found in both the cytoplasm and outside the cell in interstitial fluid? Na+ and K+ Round 2

What is a synapse? a junction between two nerve cells, where the tip of a nerve fiber almost touches another cell in order to transmit signals Round 2

What is proprioception? the sense of relative position of neighboring parts of the body Round 2

What is acetylcholinesterase? an enzyme, present in blood and some nerve endings, that aids the breakdown of acetylcholine (transmitter of nerve impulses) and suppresses its stimulatory effect on nerves Round 2

Name a neurotransmitter for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Acetylcholine (para); norepinephrine (symp) Round 2

Final Jeopardy Answer Round 2 31 pairs

Final Jeopardy Round 2 How many spinal nerves are there? More Review

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Sources  Cliffs AP Biology 2 nd Edition By Phillip Parker  Pearson Education AP Test Prep Series By Fred W. Holtzclaw and Theresa Knapp Holtzclaw  Biology, 7 th Edition By Neil A. Campbell and Jane B. Reece  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  - pictures  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  20dcx.jpg – picture 20dcx.jpg  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture

Sources Continued   4%20Radiculopathy.jpg – picture 4%20Radiculopathy.jpg  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture  - picture   - picture  - picture