Fishing as the exploitation of a natural resorce By Eskild Kirkegaard, ICES ACOM Chair ARVI International Conference on the Future of Fisheries Vigo, 27 November 2014

Outline A few words about ICES and the basis for ICES advice on fisheries Summarize biological status of main stocks and their exploitation in the NE Atlantic, Challenges for ICES

International Coiuncil for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Marine Science Cooperation since 1902; 20 Member Countries; Intergovernmental Organisation 360 Institutes; A network of 4,000 scientists; 1,600 scientists participating in activities annually; 150 Expert Groups that address the many diverse issues of marine ecosystems and ocean sustainability.

ICES advice Based on the best data and science available from member countries, ICES runs Advisory Services: To advise on the sustainable use of living marine resources and protection of the marine environment

ICES advice ICES Member States

Until 2009, ICES’ advice was based on the precautionary approach, extended by long-term considerations for maximising yield and considering ecosystem effects of the fishery. In 2010, ICES started a formal implementation of the maximum sustainable yield-concept in its advice. MSY – maximum sustainable yield

Stock Categories 1Stocks with an accepted analytical assessment and forecast for MSY MSY approach 2Stocks with an analytical assessment and forecast accepted for trends only Developing MSY approach Stocks with survey-based assessments indicating trendsDeveloping MSY approach ? 4Stocks with reliable time-series of catch data to approximate MSY Developing MSY approach ? 5Only catch or landings availableRisk based approach 6Only landings available and largely discardedRisk based approach Each category has several available methods dependent on stock status.

Stock Categories ICES provides advice for app. 260 stocks. 1/3 of the stocks are in category 1 and 2 2/3 of the stock are in category 3 to 6

ICES harvest control rule ICES bases its MSY approach on attaining a fishing mortality rate at or below F MSY. In this approach, both fishing mortality and biomass reference points are used; these reference points are F MSY and B MSY-trigger. B MSY-trigger is a biomass reference point that triggers a cautious response. ICES approach does not include a MSY biomass target (B MSY ).

Stock status Stock size relative to B MSY-trigger Fishing mortality relative to F MSY

ECOREGIONS Iceland and East Greenland Seas Barents Sea Faroe Plateau Ecosystem Norwegian Sea Celtic Sea and West of Scotland North Sea Bay of Biscay and Iberian Waters Baltic Sea Oceanic northeast Atlantic

Bay of Biscay & Iberia ecoregion IBERIA (VIIIc, IXa): Hake Anglerfish (pisc.) Anglerfish (budeg.) Megrim (whiff.) Megrim (bosc.) Sardine H. mackerel (IXa) BAY OF BISCAY: Sole Anchovy Nephrops VIIIc, IXaN IXaS VIIIab “New” stocks whiting plaice sole pollack grey gurnard sardine 7+8abd sea bass

Bay of Biscay & Iberia ecoregion

Celtic Sea & West, Southwest Ireland Cod (VIIe-k) Haddock (VIIb-k) Whiting (VIIe-k) Plaice (CS; VIIh-k; VIIbc) Sole (CS; VIIh-k; VIIbc) Northern hake Anglerfish (VIIb-k, VIIIabd) Megrim (VIIb-k, VIIIabd) Nephrops (FUs ) Western Channel Plaice (VIIe) Sole (VIIe) West of Scotland & Rockall Cod (VIa; VIb) Haddock (VIa; VIb) Whiting (VIa; VIb) Anglerfish (IIIa,IV,VI) Megrim (IVa-VIa; VIb) Nephrops (FUs ) Irish Sea Cod Haddock Whiting Plaice Sole Nephrops (FUs ) Celtic Seas ecoregion

Cod, Haddock, Whiting, Hake

Celtic Seas ecoregion Cod, Haddock, Whiting, Hake

Celtic Seas ecoregion Plaice, sole and megrim

Celtic Seas ecoregion Plaice, sole and megrim

Development in fishing mortality General trends in fishing mortality EU waters (42 stocks)

Development in average SSB General trends in SSB EU waters

Overall conclusions Fishing mortalities have declined towards F MSY Stocks are increasing slowly

Landing obligation – challenges for ICES Data Target species By-catch species – choke species

Stock Categories 1Stocks with an accepted analytical assessment and forecast for MSY MSY approach 2Stocks with an analytical assessment and forecast accepted for trends only Developing MSY approach Stocks with survey-based assessments indicating trendsDeveloping MSY approach ? 4Stocks with reliable time-series of catch data to approximate MSY Developing MSY approach ? 5Only catch or landings availableRisk based approach 6Only landings available and largely discardedRisk based approach Each category has several available methods dependent on stock status.

Thank you for your attention