S1: “Transport of marine invaders” Transport has been going on for centuries Transport has been going on for centuries It began on a smaller scale with hull fouling and dry ballast organisms It began on a smaller scale with hull fouling and dry ballast organisms Many of the early ships were similar to the replica above (Golden Hinde II) Many of the early ships were similar to the replica above (Golden Hinde II)

Invasive species Non-native species are organisms introduced into an environment in which they did not evolve Non-native species are organisms introduced into an environment in which they did not evolve Invasive species are non- native species that significantly out-compete native species Invasive species are non- native species that significantly out-compete native species Mostly introduced by human actions Mostly introduced by human actions Largest threat to biodiversity after habitat loss Largest threat to biodiversity after habitat loss Estimated at least $137 billion in damages annually in the US Estimated at least $137 billion in damages annually in the US Most marine invaders probably came as larvae in ballast water Most marine invaders probably came as larvae in ballast water Caulerpa taxifolia, an invasive marine alga, in the Mediterranean Sea. Photo credit: U. of Nice, France

The coasts of the world are interconnected by extensively used shipping routes The coasts of the world are interconnected by extensively used shipping routes Ocean-going ships use seawater for ballast (balance) Ocean-going ships use seawater for ballast (balance) Ballast water mages/carte_logistique.gif

Ballast water The water (and plankton) are moved great distances and released The water (and plankton) are moved great distances and released Planktonic organisms after transport are alive, abundant, and diverse Planktonic organisms after transport are alive, abundant, and diverse Reference: Carlton & Geller, 1993, Science Reference: Carlton & Geller, 1993, Science

Ballast water Water is taken up in the harbor at the point of origin (near-shore, larvae-rich water) Water is taken up in the harbor at the point of origin (near-shore, larvae-rich water) Moved across an ocean or two Moved across an ocean or two Released at the final destination (again in a near-shore environment) Released at the final destination (again in a near-shore environment) Water fills empty cargo holds and/or specialized ballast tanks Water fills empty cargo holds and/or specialized ballast tanks

Ballast water Ballast water planktonic organisms are alive, abundant and diverse Ballast water planktonic organisms are alive, abundant and diverse Reference: Carlton & Geller, 1993, Science Reference: Carlton & Geller, 1993, Science Taxa (Phyla, Classes)

Example: San Francisco Bay Species introductions are increasing exponentially Species introductions are increasing exponentially Reference: Cohen & Carlton, 1998, Science Reference: Cohen & Carlton, 1998, Science

Many species with world-wide distributions may actually be successful cryptic invaders Many species with world-wide distributions may actually be successful cryptic invaders Coles et al. 1997, 1999, Bishop Museum Technical Reports. Example: Pearl Harbor, Hawaii