Dr. Wafa Hassan & Ahmad Elghamrawy

 What is motivation?  Who is responsible for motivating students to learn?

“Inner drive, impulse, emotion, or desire that moves one to a particular action”

Intrinsically motivated people take part in the activities just for their own sake not for materialistic rewards.

 Create activities that increase students’ interest  Encourage students to make decision about their own learning  Give positive feedback  Encourage interaction among students  Use a variety of classroom activities  Use learner-centered instructional methods

Tailor your teaching to the needs of the students. Identify Needs:  Physical needs  Psychological needs  Learning styles  Specific learning needs

 Who learns?  How much of what language?  Under what conditions?

Individual Differences  Aptitude to learning  Attitudes to language  Motives  Personality  Learning styles  Learning strategies

What is being taught or learned?  Oral skills  Written skills  Communication  Grammar  Dialect  Culture

 Situation and context  Learning environment  Formal classroom  Individual Learning  Teaching strategies  Street and Community

Situational Factors Linguistic Input Individual Learning Differences Learner Processes Second Language Output Ellis’ (1985) Framework

Is a philosophy of teaching and learning which recognizes that each learner is unique. It Offers:  a variety of ways for students to explore curriculum content (situational/individual factors)  a variety of meaningful activities which allow students to understand information and ideas (input)  a variety of options where students can demonstrate what they have learned (output)

Product (output-assessment) Role- play - presentationPaper - video- audio -graphic Process Strategies - groupingActivities – learner-centered Content (input) Ideas – conceptsInformation - facts

Level 1 Create family tree using the family vocabulary Level 2 Create a crossword puzzle using the family and quantity vocabulary Level 3 Watch the family movie and answer the comprehension questions

 Multiple levels of Intelligence  Language production/reception processes  Word retention.

◦ How to Integrate language skills? ◦ What kind of group activities? ◦ How to group students: Heterogeneously based on: Readiness Interest Learning profile

 Differentiated instruction is interactive: ◦ Student to student interaction: small group- peer editing- whole class ◦ Teacher student interaction ◦ Interaction between the students and the materials: ◦ Books, videos, computer, etc.

◦ Content: The vocabulary, language structure or language functions introduced to the students ◦ Process: The activities designed for the students to be able to carry out the language functions aimed at in the instructional objectives ◦ Product: End products that show that the students have learned what they were supposed to learn

 Differentiation and objectives  Differentiation in activities  Differentiation in assessment