LHeC Test Facility Meeting OptiM - Computer code for linear and non-linear optics calculations Alessandra Valloni, Thursday 18.10.2012

Outline What does OptiM compute? Input language description Why do we use OptiM? ERL-LHeC schematic layout Example of an input file: lattice for LHeC Recirculating Linear Accelerator Complex OptiM for the LHeC Test Facility lattice design Future works and questions

What Does Optim compute? OptiM - Computer code for linear and non-linear optics calculations - OptiM is aimed to assist with linear optics design of particle accelerators (calculations are based on 6x6 transfer matrices) but it is also quite proficient with non-linear optics, tracking and with linear effects due to space charge   - It computes the dispersion and betatron functions (for both uncoupled and X-Y coupled particle motions), as well as the beam sizes, the betatron phase advances, etc. The values can be plotted or printed along machine circumference or computed at the end of lattice or at any element - It can also fit parameters of accelerator elements to get required optics functions - It offers a wide choice of elements that allows designing both circular and linear accelerators, along with recirculators - It can perform computations not only at the reference orbit but also at a closed orbit excited by machine errors, correctors or energy offset. In this case the program first finds a new "reference" orbit then expends nonlinear terms for machine elements and then performs computations. That allows one to perform both linear optics computations and non-linear tracking relative to this new orbit

Optim peculiarities 6D computations: - large set of optics elements - x-y coupling, acceleration (focusing in cavities is taken into account) Similar to MAD but has integrated GUI Can generate MAD and MADX files from OptiM files It has been used for Optics support of the following machines: - Jefferson lab (CEBAF – optics redesign, analysis of optics measurements…) - Fermilab (optics redesign, analysis of optics measurements. Completely done files for rings, Tevatron, Debuncher, Transfer lines, Electron cooler) Works on MS-Windows only (No GUI version can be used at any platform) Written on BC++, the platform which is not supported anymore Non-linearities are ignored for the combined function magnet (dipole with gradient)

Input file description math header : numeric and text variables INPUT PARAMETERS : initial beam energy and the particle mass in MeV, horizontal and vertical beam emittances, relative momentum spread at the start of the lattice (these values are used for beam envelope calculations and are modified in the course of beam acceleration to take into account the adiabatic damping; effects of the energy spread change due to longitudinal focusing of bunch with finite length are neglected), horizontal and vertical beta-functions, their negative half derivatives at the start of the lattice, initial betatron phases Qx and Qy (these two parameters are ignored in all calculations except printing of Twiss-functions), horizontal and vertical dispersions and their derivatives at the start of the lattice, position and angle of the beam trajectory at the start of the lattice block making references to external files : e.g. description of field in accelerating cavity LATTICE DESCRIPTION : order of the elements in the lattice LIST BLOCK: list of elements with their parameters service blocks : Fitting block, (Fitting-Betas), 4D Beta-functions block (Beta-functions block), Space Charge Block (Space Charge Menu) and Trajectory Parameters Block (see Trajectory)

Recirculating Linear Accelerator Complex : Schematic Layout RECIRCULATOR COMPLEX   1) 0.5 Gev injector 2) A pair of 721.44 MHz SCRF linacs with energy gain 10 GeV per pass 3) Six 180° arcs, each arc 1 km radius 4) Re-accelerating stations to compensate energy lost by SR 5) Switching stations at the beginning and end of each linac to combine the beams from different arcs and to distribute them over different arcs (Spreaders/Combiners) 6) Matching optics 7) Extraction dump at 0.5 GeV

LINAC LAYOUT in OPTIM: Lattice description (1/3) order of the elements in the lattice 18 UNITS * 56m/UNIT = 1008m 0.1 13.4 1 56 m  

LINAC LAYOUT in OPTIM: Lattice description (2/3) ? ? 1 Cryomodule  8 cavities In 1 UNIT 4 Cryos  32 cavities $ΔE = energy gain per cavity = 17.36 MeV $E00 = 500MeV (Injection Energy) Energy gain/half unit : $E01 = $E00 +16 *$DE*cos($Fi) 10 GeV Linac 1 : 500 MeV  10500 MeV for the first pass

LINAC LAYOUT in OPTIM: Lattice description(3/3) Gradient scaling Betatron phase advance per cell of 1300 along the entire linac This requires scaling up of the quadrupole field gradients with energy (𝐺∝𝑝) to assure constant value of k Q=0.361

fitting of beta-functions, dispersion and momentum compaction The program uses the steepest descend method with automatically chosen step. The initial values of steps for length, magnetic field and its gradient are determined here Elements can be organized in groups so that the elements in each group are changed proportionally during fitting Required parameters and their accuracy. To calculate the fitting error (which is minimized in the course of the fitting) the program uses the accuracy parameters for each of fitting parameters

Optim output 1300 1 unit = 56m 1 unit = 56m

ARC OPTICS Layout in Optim (1/2) MATH HEADER : numeric variables and calculation Arc Radius = 1km Cell number = 60 Arc Length = 3.14159km Cell Length =52.35m Total number of dipoles = 600   Dipole Length = 4m B=p/(ρc) Quad singlet + 5 Dipoles + Quads triplet + 5 Dipoles 1 cell

ARC OPTICS Layout in Optim (2/2) Quad singlet + 5 Dipoles + Quads triplet + 5 Dipoles 1 cell BETA_X&Y[m] 150 DISP_X&Y[m] 1.5 52.3599

ERL Test Facility

beam dynamics challenges for the LHeC ERL which could be studied at the test facility Multi-pass ERL optics tuning   Recirculative Beam Break Up Ion accumulation, ion instabilities and ion clearing (?) Electron beam stability in view of proton emittance growth (?) 5 MeV Injector SCL1 150-300 MeV ERL Layout 4 x 5 cell, 721 MHz ~6.5 m SCL2 Dump

LINAC : ARC 1 optics : (80 MeV ) VERTiCAL SPREADER OPTICS: Half Cryo Module  4 Cavities 721.44 MHz RF, 5-cell cavity: λ = 41.557 cm Lc = 5l/2 = 103.89 cm Grad = 18 MeV/m (18.7 MeV per cavity) ΔE= 74.8 MV per Half Cryo Module ARC 1 optics : (80 MeV ) 4 x 45° sector bends Dipole + Quads triplet + Dipole + Quad singlet + Dipole +Quads triplet +Dipole Dipole Length = 40cm B = 5.01 kG Quadrupole Length = 10 cm Q1 -> G[kG/cm] = -0.31 Q3 -> G[kG/cm] = -0.34 Q2 -> G[kG/cm] = 0.50 Q4 -> G[kG/cm] = -0.44 triplet: Q1 Q2 Q3 singlet: Q4 triplet: Q3 Q2 Q1 Correggere lambda VERTiCAL SPREADER OPTICS: Spreader for Arc 1 @ 80 MeV 2 Vertical steps (dipoles with opposite polarity) and quads triplet for hor. and vert. focusing Spreader for Arc 3 @ 230 MeV A vertical chicane plus and 2 quads doublets vertical step I vertical step II vertical chicane

ARC 1 + vertical spreader and combiner optics 5 MeV Injector SCL1 150-300 MeV ERL Layout 4 x 5 cell, 721 MHz ~6.5 m SCL2 Dump 2-step vert. Spreader 2-step vert. Recombiner Arc 1 optics

Spreader/ combiner input file ..and now what am I doing? ..going through many papers ..writing OptiM input files for ERL-TF in order to reproduce Alex Bogacz’s results! Linac 1 input file Arc 1 input file Spreader/ combiner input file

LINAC LAYOUT in OPTIM: Lattice description 721.4 MHz RF, 5-cell cavity: λ = 41.557 cm Lc = 5l/2 = 103.89 cm Grad = 18 MeV/m (18.7 MeV per cavity) ΔE= 74.8 MV per Half Cryo Module

Any comments and suggestions are welcomed Thank you for your attention ..and what’s next? ..and what am I missing? getting more comfortable with OptiM writing OptiM input files for ERL-TF in order to reproduce Alex Bogacz ’s results doing/understanding calculations on adverse effects in the arc optics design (cumulative emittance and momentum growth due to quantum excitations, momentum compaction, synchrotron radiation, etc.) keep going through many papers trying to understand all the beam dynamics challenges for the LHeC ERL in order to figure out parameters for the TF Any comments and suggestions are welcomed Thank you for your attention

Linac 1 - Multi-pass Optics 5 MeV 80 MeV Arc 1 inj 6.8 12 5 BETA_X&Y[m] DISP_X&Y[m] BETA_X BETA_Y DISP_X DISP_Y 230 MeV 155 GeV Arc 2 Arc 3 7.4 12 5 BETA_X&Y[m] DISP_X&Y[m] BETA_X BETA_Y DISP_X DISP_Y Alex Bogacz ERL-TF at CERN Mtg, Jefferson Lab, August 21, 2012

Linac 1 - Multi-pass ER Optics 29 12 BETA_X&Y[m] BETA_X BETA_Y 5 MeV 305 MeV 230 MeV 155 GeV 80 MeV Arc 1 Arc 2 Arc 3 Arc 4 inj Alex Bogacz ERL-TF at CERN Mtg, Jefferson Lab, August 21, 2012

Linac 2 - Multi-pass ER Optics 29 12 BETA_X&Y[m] BETA_X BETA_Y 5 MeV 305 MeV 230 MeV 155 GeV 80 MeV Arc 3 Arc 2 Arc 1 Arc 4 dump Alex Bogacz ERL-TF at CERN Mtg, Jefferson Lab, August 21, 2012

Linac 1 and 2 - Multi-pass ER Optics Alex Bogacz ERL-TF at CERN Mtg, Jefferson Lab, August 21, 2012

Arc 1 Optics – FMC Lattice 10 2 80 MeV 4×450 sector bends Qx,y = 1.25 BETA_X&Y[m] DISP_X&Y[m] -2 BETA_X BETA_Y DISP_X DISP_Y 7.09188 triplet: Q1 Q2 Q3 singlet: Q4 triplet: Q3 Q2 Q1 quadrupoles (10 cm long) Q1 G[kG/cm] = -0.31 Q2 G[kG/cm] = 0.50 Q3 G[kG/cm] = -0.34 Q4 G[kG/cm] = -0.44 dipoles (40 cm long) B = 5.01 kGauss Alex Bogacz ERL-TF at CERN Mtg, Jefferson Lab, August 21, 2012

Arc 1 Optics – Isochronous Lattice 7.09188 10 2 -2 BETA_X&Y[m] DISP_X&Y[m] BETA_X BETA_Y DISP_X DISP_Y Synchronous acceleration in the linacs ⇨ Isochronous optics: Alex Bogacz ERL-TF at CERN Mtg, Jefferson Lab, August 21, 2012

Arc 3 Optics – FMC Lattice 7.07065 10 2 -2 BETA_X&Y[m] DISP_X&Y[m] BETA_X BETA_Y DISP_X DISP_Y 230 MeV 8×22.50 sector bends Qx,y = 1.25 triplet: Q1 Q2 Q3 singlet: Q4 triplet: Q3 Q2 Q1 quadrupoles (15 cm long) Q1 G[kG/cm] = -0.47 Q2 G[kG/cm] = 1.43 Q3 G[kG/cm] = -1.14 Q4 G[kG/cm] = -0.34 dipoles (40 cm long) B = 7.47 kGauss Alex Bogacz ERL-TF at CERN Mtg, Jefferson Lab, August 21, 2012

Switchyard - Vertical Separation of Arcs Arc 1 (80 MeV) Arc 3 (230 MeV) Alex Bogacz ERL-TF at CERN Mtg, Jefferson Lab, August 21, 2012

Vertical Spreaders - Optics 20 1 20 1 BETA_X&Y[m] DISP_X&Y[m] BETA_X&Y[m] DISP_X&Y[m] -1 -1 BETA_X BETA_Y DISP_X DISP_Y 3.92452 BETA_X BETA_Y DISP_X DISP_Y 3.80042 vertical step I vertical step II vertical chicane Alex Bogacz ERL-TF at CERN Mtg, Jefferson Lab, August 21, 2012

Arc 1 Optics (80 MeV) Isochronous Arc 2-step vert. Spreader 1800 Arc 20 2 Isochronous Arc BETA_X&Y[m] DISP_X&Y[m] -2 BETA_X BETA_Y DISP_X DISP_Y 14.9409 2-step vert. Spreader 2-step vert. Recombiner ‘Arc 2’ = 2  ‘Arc 1’ 1800 Arc Spr. dipoles: 300 bends (1 rec. + 3 sec.) Lb = 30 cm B = 5 kGauss Arc dipoles : 4450 bends(sec.) Lb = 40 cm B = 5 kGauss Rec. dipoles: 300 bends (3 sec. + 1 rec.) Lb = 30 cm B = 5 kGauss quads: Lq = 10-15 cm G  0.6 kGauss/cm Alex Bogacz ERL-TF at CERN Mtg, Jefferson Lab, August 21, 2012

Chicane vert. Recombiner Arc 3 Optics (230 MeV) 14.6715 20 2 -2 BETA_X&Y[m] DISP_X&Y[m] BETA_X BETA_Y DISP_X DISP_Y Isochronous Arc Chicane vert. Spreader Chicane vert. Recombiner ‘Arc 4’ = 4/3  ‘Arc 3’ 1800 Arc Spr. dipoles: 100 -200 -100 bends ( rec.) Lb = 30 cm B = 5-10 kGauss Arc dipoles : 822.50 bends(sec.) Lb = 40 cm B = 5 kGauss Rec. dipoles: 100 -200 -100 bends ( rec.) Lb = 30 cm B = 5-10 kGauss quads: Lq = 10-15 cm G  1.2 kGauss/cm Alex Bogacz ERL-TF at CERN Mtg, Jefferson Lab, August 21, 2012