Figure 7. 1 (p. 309) Power division and combining. (a) Power division Figure 7.1 (p. 309) Power division and combining. (a) Power division. (b) Power combining. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.2 (p. 310) The two types of circulators and their [S] matrices. (The phase references for the ports are arbitrary.) (a) Clockwise circulation. (b) Counterclockwise circulation. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.3 (p. 311) A reciprocal, lossless three-port network matched at ports 1 and 2. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.4 (p. 313) Two commonly used symbols for directional couplers, and power flow conventions. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

First figure on page 314 Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Second figure on page 314. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7. 5 (p. 315) Various T-junction power dividers Figure 7.5 (p. 315) Various T-junction power dividers. (a) E plane waveguide T. (b) H plane waveguide T. (c) Microstrip T-junction. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.6 (p. 316) Transmission line model of a lossless T-junction. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.7 (p. 317) An equal-split three-port resistive power divider. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7. 8 (p. 319) The Wilkinson power divider Figure 7.8 (p. 319) The Wilkinson power divider. (a) An equal-split Wilkinson power divider in microstrip form. (b) Equivalent transmission line circuit. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.9 (p. 319) The Wilkinson power divider circuit in normalized and symmetric form. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7. 10 (p. 320) Bisection of the circuit of Figure 7. 9 Figure 7.10 (p. 320) Bisection of the circuit of Figure 7.9. (a) Even-mode excitation. (b) Odd-mode excitation. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7. 11 (p. 321) Analysis of the Wilkinson divider to find S11 Figure 7.11 (p. 321) Analysis of the Wilkinson divider to find S11. (a) The terminated Wilkinson divider. (b) Bisection of the circuit in (a). Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.12 (p. 322) Frequency response of an equal-split Wilkinson power divider. Port 1 is the input port; ports 2 and 3 are the output ports. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.13 (p. 322) A Wilkinson power divider in microstrip form having unequal power division. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.14 (p. 323) An N-way, equal-split Wilkinson power divider. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.15 (p. 324) Photograph of a four-way corporate power divider network using three microstrip Wilkinson power dividers. Note the isolation chip resistors. Courtesy of M.D. Abouzahra, MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.16 (p. 325) Two versions of the Bethe hold directional coupler. (a) Parallel guides. (b) Skewed guides. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.17 (p. 328) Coupling and directivity versus frequency for the Beth hole coupler of Example 7.3 Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.18 (p. 328) Basic operation of a two-hole directional coupler. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.19 (p. 329) Geometry of an N + 1 hole waveguide directional coupler. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.20 (p. 332) Coupling and directivity versus frequency for the four-hold coupler of Example 7.4 Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.21 (p. 333) Geometry of a branch-line coupler. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.22 (p. 334) Circuit of the branch-line hybrid coupler in a normalized form. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.23 (p. 334) Decomposition of the branch-line coupler into even- and odd-mode excitations. (a) Even mode (e). (b) Odd mode (o). Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.24 (p. 336) Photograph of a microstrip quadrature hybrid prototype. Courtesy of M.D. Abouzabra, MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.25 (p. 337) S parameter magnitudes versus frequency for the branch-line coupler of Example 7.5 Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7. 26 (p. 337) Various coupled transmission line geometries Figure 7.26 (p. 337) Various coupled transmission line geometries. (a) Coupled stripline (planar, or edge-coupled). (b) Coupled stripline (stacked, or broadside-coupled). (c) Coupled microstrip. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.27 (p. 337) A three-wire coupled transmission line and its equivalent capacitance network. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.28 (p. 338) Even- and odd-mode excitations for a coupled line, and the resulting equivalent capacitance networks. (a) Even-mode excitation. (b) Odd-mode excitation. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.29 (p. 339) Normalized even- and odd-mode characteristic impedance design data for edge-coupled striplines. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.30 (p. 340) Even- and odd-mode characteristic impedance design data for coupled microstrip lines on a substrate with r = 10. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7. 31 (p. 341) A single-section coupled line coupler Figure 7.31 (p. 341) A single-section coupled line coupler. (a) Geometry and port designations. (b) The schematic circuit. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.32 (p. 343) Decomposition of the coupled line coupler circuit of Figure 7.31 into even- and odd-mode excitation. (a) Even mode. (b) Odd mode. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.33 (p. 344) Coupled and through port voltages (squared) versus frequency for the coupled line coupler of Figure 7.31. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.34 (p. 346) Coupling versus frequency for the single-section coupler of Example 7.7 Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.35 (p. 346) An N-section coupled line coupler. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.36 (p. 347) Photograph of a single-section microstrip coupled line coupler. Courtesy of M. D. Abouzahra, MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.37 (p. 348) Coupling versus frequency for the three-section binomial coupler of Example 7.8 Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7. 38 (p. 349) The Lange coupler. (a) Layout in microstrip form Figure 7.38 (p. 349) The Lange coupler. (a) Layout in microstrip form. (b) The unfolded Lange coupler. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.39 (p. 350) Equivalent circuits for the unfolded Lange coupler. (a) Four-wire coupled line model. (b) Approximate two-wire coupled line model. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.40 (p. 350) Effective capacitance networks for the unfolded Lange coupler equivalent circuits of Figure 7.39. (a) Effective capacitance for the four-wire model. (b) Effective capacitance for the two-wire model. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.41 (p. 352) Symbol for a 180° hybrid junction. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7. 42 (p. 353) Photograph of a microstrip ring hybrid Figure 7.42 (p. 353) Photograph of a microstrip ring hybrid. Courtesy of M. D. Abouzahra, MIT Lincoln Laboratory Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7. 43 (p. 353) Hybrid junctions Figure 7.43 (p. 353) Hybrid junctions. (a) A ring hybrid, or rate-race, in microstrip or stripline form. (b) A tapered coupled line hybrid. (c) A waveguide hybrid junction, or magic-T. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.44 (p. 354) Even- and odd-mode decomposition of the ring hybrid when port 1 is excited with a unit amplitude incident wave. (a) Even mode. (b) Odd mode. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.45 (p. 356) Even- and odd-mode decomposition of the ring hybrid when port 4 is excited with a unit amplitude incident wave. (a) Even mode. (b) Odd mode. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.46 (p. 357) S parameter magnitudes versus frequency for the ring hybrid of Example 7.9 Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.47 (p. 358) (a) Schematic diagram of the tapered coupled line hybrid. (b) The variation of characteristic impedances. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7. 48 (p. 358) Excitation of the tapered coupled line hybrid Figure 7.48 (p. 358) Excitation of the tapered coupled line hybrid. (a) Even-mode excitation. (b) Odd-mode excitation. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.49 (p. 359) Equivalent circuits for the tapered coupled line hybrid, for transmission from port 4 to port 3. (a) Even-mode case. (b) Odd-mode case. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.50 (p. 361) Electric field lines for a waveguide hybrid junction. (a) Incident wave at port 1. (b) Incident wave at port 4. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.51 (p. 362) The Moreno cross-guide coupler. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.52 (p. 362) The Schwinger reverse-phase coupler. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.53 (p. 363) The Riblet short-slot coupler. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7.54 (p. 363) A symmetrical tapered coupled line coupler. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure 7. 55 (p. 364) Various aperture coupled planar line couplers Figure 7.55 (p. 364) Various aperture coupled planar line couplers. (a) Microstrip-to-microstrip coupler. (b) Microstrip-to-waveguide coupler. (c) Microstrip-to-dielectric image line coupler. Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons

Figure on page 364 Microwave Engineering, 3rd Edition by David M. Pozar Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons