th ITU Green Standards Week Study on E-waste Generation and Flow in China Jie Yang ，,Jinhui LI Basel Convention Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific Tsinghua University

Contents  Background  E-waste generation in China  E-waste collection and flow in China  Conclusion

 Large discarded quantity and Rapid increase worldwide It is estimated that ， worldwide 51 million tonnes of e-waste were discarded in 2012 ， more than 10% are generated in China. E-waste generation in the world (Source: StEP 2013) E-waste generation in countries with GDP in top 10 (source: StEP) E-waste generation worldwide

 Illegal transboundary of e-waste  Due to high environmental management requirements and high processing cost, illegal transboundary movement of e-waste from developed countries to developing countries happens occasionally, China is one of the main destination countries of illegal export of e- waste Source, Banned Export WEEE Source, Permitted Export WEEE Source, Not legislation Export WEEE Destination, Banned Import WEEE Destination, Permitted Import WEEE Destination, Not legislation Import WEEE Known Routes from Sources to Destinations E-waste generation worldwide Jinhui Li ⇑, Brenda N. Lopez.Regional or global WEEE recycling. Where to go?.Waste Management ， 2013

Contents  Background  E-waste generation in China  E-waste collection and flow in China  Conclusion

Main e-waste type in China Large household appliancesSmall household appliances IT and telecommunication equipment Consumer equipmentLighting equipmentElectrical and electronic tools Toys, leisure and sports equipment Medical devicesMonitoring and control instrumentsAutomatic dispensers E-waste classification Main generated e-waste washing machinesRefrigeratorsroom air conditionersetc.ComputersPrinters and copiersmobile phonesetc. Televisions Etc. fluorescent lamp Etc. source E-products producers Residents enterprises and institutions Illegal e-waste import

1 ： Social ownership coefficient method 2 ： Market supply method 3 ： estimation model 4 ： Stanford method :Y. He, X. Liao, and H. Tian, "China's scrap household appliance generation measurement methods and result analysis," Appliance Technology, p. 2, : L. Li, Y. Liu, and Q. Wang, "National plan for recycling and disposal of waste electric and elelctronic equipment," Research of Enivironmental Science vol. 22, p. 5, : J. Li, B. Tian, T. Liu, H. Liu, X. Wen, and S. i. Honda, "Status quo of e-waste management in mainland China," Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, vol. 8, pp , : A. Veenstra, C. Wang, W. Fan, and Y. Ru, "An analysis of E-waste flows in China," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 47, pp , E-waste generation in China No official statistic data of e-waste volume Difference among estimation results in different methods Most are lack of other e-waste volume estimation

E-waste generation in China  Estimation of total e-waste volume =∑Total volume of main e-waste types =∑household appliances + Consumer equipment+ IT and telecommunication equipment + Lighting equipment =∑Total volume of representative products of each main e- waste types =∑(washing machines + Refrigerators + room air conditioners)+ (Televisions)+(Computers + Printers and copiers + mobile phones)+ (fluorescent lamp)

E-waste generation in China  Large production and ownership of the main five traditional e-products (televisions, washing machines, refrigerators, room air conditioners, computer) 1)Production: from ca.100 million units in 2001 to ca. 780 million units in 2012; 2)Social ownership: over 1.8 billion units in 2012 (social ownership of residents accounts for 90%) Rapid increase of computer production Stable increase of production of air conditioner, refrigerator and washing machine Relative slow-growth of televisions

E-waste generation in China  large and rapid increased generation of the main five major e-waste Generation of the five main e-waste was estimated to be 150 million units, namely ca. 4.5 million tonnes in 2013, and would reach to 10 million tonnes in 2020 Generation of the five main e-waste （ in units and million tonnes)

E-waste generation in China  Generation of offices equipment (e.g. printers and copiers) Rapid production volume of printers: from ca. 18 million units in 2001 to 70.6 billion units in Large and increased generation volume of waste printers: from ca. 20 million units in 2010 to ca. 39 million units (ca. 390 thousand tonnes) in 2013, which would keep growing in the future, but the speed will slow down gradually Volume of waste copiers is ca. 1-2% of waste printers.

E-waste generation in China  Generation of waste mobile phones Rapid production volume of mobile phones: from ca. 80 million units in 2001 to 1.46 billion units in Large and rapid increased generation volume of waste mobile phones: from 83 million units in 2010 to ca. 230 million units (ca. 28 thousand tonnes) in 2013, which would keep growing in the future, but the speed will slow down gradually

It is estimated that in 2013, total waste fluorescent is about 3.44 billion units, total weight is about 519 thousand tonnes; Which will reach 5.84 billion units, and total weight with about 937 thousand tonnes.in 2020 Guangdong ， Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, and Sichuan are the top five waste-FL-generating provinces in China. （ Quanyin Tan; Jinhui Li. A study of waste fluorescent lamp generation in mainland China. Journal of Cleaner Production ， 2014 ） E-waste generation in China  Generation of waste fluorescent lamp Distribution of waste generation

E-waste generation in China  Large discarded quantity and Rapid increase of e-waste lead to environmental pressure  The total weight of the main generated e-waste reached ca million tonnes in  Pressure of the illegal tranboundary of e-waste From Jan. to Oct. 2013, China customs seized 10 cases of e-waste smuggling, with a total of more than 1500 tonnes. Mostly are waste lead-acid batteries, waste printed circuit board, waste computer equipment and office products etc., mainly from Hong Kong, Vietnam, myanmar, Mongolia and other places, but the origin countries of waste are unknown. In early 2014, the customs seized the largest e-waste smuggling since "hedge" special action, with 185container and total of more than 200 tonnes. It find out that since 2013 the smuggling gang smuggled more than 2800 container and bulk e- waste ， with a total of more than tonnes.

Contents  Background  E-waste generation in China  E-waste collection and flow in China  Conclusion

Administrative measures for Collection Management of WEEE (2012) (Consulting ) E-waste collection in China Market spontaneous Construction of renewable resources collection system of Ministry of Commerce (2006) “Old for New "Policy of household appliance( ) The Regulation for the Administration of Recycling and Treatment of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment （ 2009 ） (Chinese WEEE) Before Community collection network of the MOC “Old for New “ activities Regulated multi- collection channels Records management of collection activities Individual collector Second-hand market Repair storeRetailerproducer Treatment enterprise Institutions & Enterprises MOC collection network Pilot Base of Urban Mining Multi-collection channel

E-waste collection in China

E-waste flow in China Main influence factors  Policy, e.g. fund subsidy  Economy, e.g. treatment cost and profit  Product characteristics, e.g. resource value and reusability  …… Fund subsidyresource value reusability TV85 yuan/unitlow Refrigerator80 yuan/unitmediumlow Washing machine35 yuan/unitmediumlow Air conditioner35 yuan/unithighmedium Computer85 yuan/unithigh Printer and copiernomediumlow Mobile phonenohigh fluorescent lampnolow Othersno

E-waste flow in China Televisions (43.79 million units) Individual collector Second-hand market retailers MOC collection network Pilot Base of Urban Mining Qualified treatment enterprises for dismantling （ million units （ 89% ）） Second market for reuse Workshops for dismantling Waste Televisions : Formal and informal collection channels coexist: mainly come from household, which were mainly collected by individual collectors, second-hand market, retailers and treatment enterprises etc. High recycling rate: High fund subsidy and low resource value and reusability make television relative easy to collect. In 2013, ca. 89% waste TVs flowed into qualified e-waste enterprises for dismantling and recycling, ca. 11% waste TVs flowed into second market or workshops.

Waste washing machines, refrigerators, room air conditioners: Formal and informal collection channels coexist: mainly come from household, which were mainly collected by individual collectors, second-hand market, retailers and treatment enterprises etc. Low recycling rate: In 2013, ca. 10.5% Washing machines, 4% Refrigerators, and 0.018% air conditioners flowed into qualified e-waste enterprises for dismantling and recycling, most flowed into second market or workshops. E-waste flow in China Washing machines (16.03 million units) Refrigerators (14.69 million units) room air conditioners (28.32 million units) Individual collector Second-hand market retailers MOC collection network Pilot Base of Urban Mining Qualified treatment enterprises for dismantling(Washing machines 1.69 million units/10.5%); Refrigerators 0.6 million units/4%); air conditioners 5000 units/0.018%) Second market for reuse Workshops for dismantling

E-waste flow in China Computers (50.79 million units) Individual collector Second-hand market retailers MOC collection network Pilot Base of Urban Mining Qualified treatment enterprises for dismantling （ 1.1 million units （ 2% ）） Second market for reuse Workshops for dismantling Waste computers : Formal and informal collection channels coexist: mainly come from household and offices, which were collected by individual collectors, second-hand market, Institutions & Enterprises, retailers and treatment enterprises etc. Low recycling rate: high resource value and reusability make computer difficult to collect. In 2013, ca. 2% waste computers flowed into qualified e-waste enterprises for dismantling and recycling, most flowed into second market or workshops. Institutions & Enterprises

Waste mobile phones: Formal and informal collection channels coexist: mainly come from consumers, which were collected mainly by individual collectors, second-hand market, retailers and operators, treatment enterprises etc. High proportion for leave unused or donate for reuse High reuse rate: 34%-27% Low recycling rate: only 5% flowed into qualified e-waste enterprises for dismantling and recycling, others flowed into second market or workshops. E-waste flow in China Most used mobile phones are transported in Guangdong provinces like Shenzhen for refurbishment

Waste printers: Formal and informal collection channels coexist: mainly come from office areas, which were collected mainly by individual collectors, second-hand market, producers and retailers, treatment enterprises etc. High proportion of temporary stored waste printers: more than 50% High remanufacturing of waste drum/ink cartridges Low collection rate by formal treatment enterprises: ca.15% flowed into qualified e-waste enterprises for dismantling and recycling, others flowed into second market or workshops. E-waste flow in China

waste fluorescent lamp (3.44 billion units) Household waste disposal facilities Hazardous waste facilities （ ca.1% ） waste fluorescent lamp: At present, only some recycling pilot in institutions and the communities are conducted in a few cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Nanning, Changsha. For example, Beijing Eco-island Science and Technology co., LTD. collected 3.67 million Waste fluorescent in 2012, only ca. 0.1% of total waste amount. Treated with household waste: Most waste fluorescent tubes are discarded with household waste, and flow to Household waste disposal facilities Discard Collection pilot

E-waste flow in China Other e-waste Individual collector Second-hand market Second market for reuse Workshops for dismantling Other e-waste: Informal collection channels : as waste e-scrap collected by waste scrap collector, second-hand market etc. ; Small E-waste with low value would be discarded with household waste; Some e-waste with medium resource value would be sold to scrap collector, some with medium reusability would be sold to second-hand market Dismantling by individuals or workshops for metal and plastics. Discard Sold as waste scrap

E-waste flow in China Main flow direction: Formal treatment enterprises Secondhand market for reuse as whole machine or components Informal workshop

As of Sep. 2014, 106 qualified enterprises have been authorized to be funded, total treatment ability exceed 100 million units WEEE per year. According to the certificated dismantled amount of WEEE in the first and second quarter of 2013, most formally collected WEEE mainly flowed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, shanghai, Sichuan, Hubei, Tianjin provinces for dismantling. E-waste flow in China

Only few enterprises have mobile phone disassembly line, e.g. Shanghai Weixiang  Only few enterprises have printers disassembly line,e.g. Fuji Xerox (Suzhou)and Canon （ Dalian ） are 2 enterprises specially for printers collection and recycling  Only 4 enterprises have the fluorescent lamp treatment permit, ca tonnes Main disassemble components e.g. CRT glass are sent to Tianjin Renxin  Waste plastics processing are mainly concentrated in Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong etc. provinces There are ca. more than 80 enterprises with PCBs treatment permit, which mainly located in Jiangsu, Zhejiang province and Shanghai City, of which ca. 16 enterprises are WEEE enterprises with WEEE treatment permit

Contents  Background  E-waste generation in China  E-waste collection and flow in China  Conclusion

Conclusion  Concerning the main 8 representative types e-waste, the total weight was estimated to be ca million tonnes in Besides, the amont of illegal import of e-waste could reach hundreds of thousands tonnes. Except the traditional e-waste （ televisions, washing machines, refrigerators, room air conditioners, and computers), the waste generation volume such as printers, fluorescent lamp have significant percent of 7% and 9%.  E-waste secondhand market and workshops are still popular in China. In 2013, only ca. 24% e- waste flowed into formal sector, and ca. 35% e-waste directly or after refurbishment flowed into second market, and ca. 30% were directly dismantled by workshops.  Under the fund subsidy, the collection system of television is relative mature, with ca. 89% flowed into formal treatment enterprises. But facing e-waste with high or medium resource value e.g. air conditioner, computer, refrigerator, and washing machine, the subsidy with the principle of compensation of the environmental cost can not lead these e-waste products to flow into qualified treatment companies. Besides Massive secondhand market in China lead also to the difficulty to collect e-waste with high reusability such as computers, mobile phones etc.  In the first and second quarter of 2013 ， most formally collected WEEE mainly flowed in Jisangsu, Zhejiang, shanghai, Sichuan, Hubei, Tianjing provinces for dismantling. New treatment enterprises which got the fund qualifications would increase the collection competition

The 9th International Conference on Waste Management and Technology October 29-31, 2014 Beijing, China Dr. Chen Yuan Ms. Wang Jiecong Basel Convention Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing , China, th ITU Green Standards Week Thank you