“Laws are like sausages. It's better not to see them being made.” ― Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck WLTP-10-36e B. Coleman

2 1. Definitions which appear in both gtr 15 and VPSD (but with differences)

Auxiliaries or auxiliary devices (one term should be chosen) Current definition in gtr 15: means additional equipment and/or devices not required for vehicle operation. Current definition in VPSD: are not part of the powertrain and are energy consuming or supplying devices which are installed in the vehicle for other purposes than the propulsion of the vehicle. Proposal: “Auxiliaries” or “auxiliary devices” * means energy consuming or supplying devices or systems which are installed in the vehicle for purposes other than the propulsion of the vehicle and are therefore not considered to be part of the powertrain. * I believe we should choose one term for each from the two proposed but be consistent. Justification: clarity 3

Electric machine (EM) Current definition in gtr 15: means an energy converter transforming electric energy into mechanical energy or vice versa. Current definition in VPSD: means a propulsion energy converter transforming between electrical and mechanical energy. Proposal: means an energy converter transforming between electrical and mechanical energy. Justification: 4 related definitions have subtle wording differences (see next slide) 4

Electric machine, motor, generator and motor-generator Current definitions in VPSD: “Electric machine” means a propulsion energy converter transforming between electrical and mechanical energy “Electric motor” means an electric machine transforming electrical energy (input) into mechanical energy (output) “Electric generator” means an electric machine transforming mechanical energy (input) into electrical energy (output) "Electric motor-generator" means an electric machine transforming electric energy into mechanical energy and vice versa is a technical definition whereby the three sub-definitions are use cases. Is there a need to improve the clarity of this differentiation? 5

Energy converter Current definition in gtr 15: (already discussed proposal in red) means the part of the powertrain where the form of energy input is different from the form of energy output. Current definition in VPSD: means a system where the form of energy output is different from the form of energy input. Proposal: Adopt VPSD definition Justification: For consistency, reference to powertrain seems unnecessary (see next slide). If adopted the drafting coordinator (or group) would have to perform a relatively simple contextual check. 6

Energy converter etc. In GRPE 70, there were intense discussions regarding the concept of differentiating between e.g. energy converters and propulsion energy converters (the same applies to energy storage systems etc.). The possible solution that has been discussed to date is to include the word “powertrain” or “propulsion” in the term of the definition. This brings clarity but the administrative task of inserting the word every time the defined term is referred to but results in defining the generic term of the hierarchy as being “powertrain” or “propulsion”, e.g. “propulsion energy converter”. This reduces the administrative burden but results in a system where an internal combustion engine is only an internal combustion engine if it is used for propulsion. This surely cannot be the correct solution. The wording “unless otherwise categorised” was proposed but this is not included in the document for GRPE 71 and no alternative appears to be proposed. A potential solution would be to define terms “correctly”, i.e. an engine is an engine. For Regulations which do not differentiate between devices for propulsion and not for propulsion, no further action would be required. Regulations requiring this differentiation could include a statement depending on their context: For Regulations where no differentiation is needed (e.g. where emissions from all engines are controlled, independent from their purpose), no statement is needed. For Regulations where it is necessary to exclude some devices and systems - “In general, references in this document to energy converters and energy storage systems shall be taken as referring to those energy converters and energy storage systems which are part of the powertrain. Exceptions to this, e.g. auxiliaries, will be clearly identified” 7

Energy storage system Current definition in gtr 15: (already discussed proposal in red) means the part of the powertrain on board a vehicle that can store energy and release it in the same form as it was input Current definition in VPSD: means a system which stores energy and releases it in the same form as was put in. Proposal: Adopt VPSD definition Justification: For consistency, reference to powertrain seems unnecessary (see previous slide). If adopted the drafting coordinator (or group) would have to perform a relatively simple contextual check. 8

Hybrid electric vehicle Current definition in gtr 15: (already discussed proposal in red) means a hybrid vehicle where one of the energy converters is an electric machine. Current definition in VPSD: means a hybrid vehicle equipped with a powertrain containing at least one electric motor or electric motor-generator and at least one internal combustion engine as propulsion energy converter. Proposal: Adopt VPSD definition after deletion of the word “propulsion” Justification: I preferred my proposal in WLTP but this was rejected by VPSD 9

Hybrid vehicle Current definition in gtr 15: means a vehicle with a powertrain containing at least two different types of energy converters and two different types of energy storage systems. Current definition in VPSD: means a vehicle equipped with a powertrain containing at least two different categories of propulsion energy converters and at least two different categories of propulsion energy storage systems. Proposal: Adopt VPSD definition after deletion of the word “propulsion” (twice) Justification: Brings clarity when the definitions of categories are included (see section 2) 10

Pure electric vehicle Current definition in gtr 15: means a vehicle where all energy converters used for propulsion are electric machines and no other energy converter contributes to the generation of energy to be used for vehicle propulsion. Current definition in VPSD: means a vehicle equipped with a powertrain containing exclusively electric machines as propulsion energy converters and exclusively rechargeable electric energy storage systems as propulsion energy storage systems. Proposal: Adopt VPSD definition after deletion of the word “propulsion” (twice) Justification: Consistency of definitions 11

12 2. Definitions which should be carried over to gtr 15 from VPSD

Category of energy converter Current definition in gtr 15: None. Current definition in VPSD: means (i) an internal combustion engine, or (ii) an electric machine, or (iii) a fuel cell. Proposal: Adopt VPSD definition Justification: Clarifies hybrid definitions 13

Category of energy storage system Current definition in gtr 15: None. Current definition in VPSD: means (i) a fuel storage system, or (ii) a rechargeable electric energy storage system, or (iii) a rechargeable mechanical energy storage system. Proposal: Adopt VPSD definition Justification: Clarifies hybrid definitions 14

Powertrain Current definition in VPSD: means the total combination in a vehicle, of propulsion energy storage system(s), propulsion energy converter(s), the drivetrain(s), including peripheral devices and excluding auxiliaries, providing the mechanical energy at the wheels for the purpose of vehicle propulsion. Definition proposed to VPSD: means the total combination in a vehicle, of energy storage system(s), energy converter(s), the drivetrain(s), and peripheral devices, which directly or indirectly provide the mechanical energy at the wheels for the purpose of vehicle propulsion. Proposal: Adopt definition proposed to VPSD. Justification: Clarifies hybrid definitions 15

Peripherals or peripheral devices (one term should be chosen) 16 Current definition in VPSD: are energy consuming or supplying devices, where the energy is not primarily used for the purpose of vehicle propulsion, or other parts, systems and control units, which are part of the powertrain. Definition proposed to VPSD: means energy consuming, converting, storing or supplying ** devices or systems which are essential to the operation of the powertrain but where the energy is neither directly nor indirectly used for the purpose of vehicle propulsion. ** We should also strive for consistency with terminology of e.g. “energy storage devices” Proposal: Adopt definition proposed to VPSD. Justification: Clarifies powertrain definition