HOW MESSAGES ARE SENT
It is a message travelling down a neuron The message comes from: Another neuron or A sensory receptor A nerve impulse is also called an ACTION POTENTIAL.
Neurons have a rich supply of positive and negative ions both inside and outside the cell. Sodium (Na+) ions and Potassium (K+) ions play a key role the creation of a nerve impulse.
Since both are positive…. It’s all relative. ▪ Positive = more positive ions ▪ Negative = fewer positive ions
The highly concentrated potassium ions inside the nerve cells have a tendency to diffuse outside the nerve cells. Similarly, the highly concentrated sodium ions outside the nerve cell have a tendency to diffuse into the nerve cell.
Not sending an impulse The neuron is impermeable to Na+ meaning Na+ remains outside Potassium (K+) moves freely (permeable) in and out of cell.
Outside is positive All Na+ and some K+ Inside is negative Some K+ Polarized more positive outside cell then inside
Only when polarization can occur will Na+ be able to enter. Na+ channels (gates) open, allowed Na+ to diffuse into cell… for a fraction of a second! Charges begin to switch sides… This happens very quickly
Polarity reverses: Inside positive Outside negative “Depolarized”
K+ moving out of the cell (closes Na+ gates), trapping Na+ inside cell. Depolarization (reversal of charges) occurs in a small area ▪ Triggers a “wave” of electricity ▪ Travels length of axon
Recovery period Few thousandths of a second Neuron cannot be stimulated again Neuron must be returned to “resting potential”
Sodium potassium pumps returns membrane to rest Na+ moves out K+ moves in Repolarized Outside now + Inside now -
Myelinated neuron Faster transmission (100 m/s) 2m/s (unmyelinated) Jumps from one node of Ranvier to next Uses less energy
Minimum strength stimulus required for action potential to occur Different for each neuron
Impulses are all alike once threshold reached Strength only changes with number sent
Great animation of the creation of a nerve impulse: Action Potential Demo (Harvard University) Action Potential Demo