Prepared by CA Neha Awasthi SLOW DOWN IN ECONOMY 2008 Prepared by CA Neha Awasthi

Introduction Now a days everybody talks about ,Economic Crisis, Slowdown, US Economy Meltdown, Jobs Cut, Industrial Loss. We all know that market have Slumped. People talks about at least 24 month of Recession, jobs losses. Companies are closing, Sales are not picking up Suddenly cash has Evaporated from the Market. Profitability is severely hit. Do you Know why suddenly Indian Market get affected by US Economy slowdown? What was the Reason for GLOWBLE RECESSION ? What is Subprime Mortgage Crisis ?

Causes The crisis, which has its roots in the closing years of the 20th century, became apparent in 2007 and has exposed pervasive weaknesses in financial industry regulation and the global financial system. The subprime mortgage crisis is an ongoing financial crisis triggered by a dramatic rise in mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures in the United State, with major adverse consequences for banks and financial markets around the globe. Many USA mortgages issued in recent years are subprime, meaning that little or no down payment was made, and that they were issued to households with low incomes and assets, and with troubled credit histories. When USA house prices began to decline in 2006-07, mortgage delinquencies soared, and security backed with subprime securities backed with subprime mortgages, widely held by financial firms, lost most of their value. The result has been a large decline in the capital of many banks and USA government sponsored enterprises, tightening credit around the world.

Subprime Mortgage Crisis On a national level, housing prices peaked in early 2005, began declining in 2006 and may not yet have hit bottom. Increased foreclosure rates in 2006–2007 by U.S. homeowners led to a crisis in August 2008 for the subprime. Sharp rise in home foreclosures in late 2006 .Only 9% in 1996, 13% in 1999, 20% in 2006 .$1.3 Trillion subprime mortgage as of March 2007. The delinquency rate had risen to 21% by 2008. Subprime Borrowers For poor credit history Limited income Subprime Lenders Greater risks High returns

Background: Subprime Lending Proponents v. Opponents Proponents: Subprime lending extends credit to individuals who would otherwise be shut out of the credit market thereby depriving them of the ability to own their homes, cars etc. Opponents: Subprime lending encourages predatory lending and attracts borrowers who lack the resources to repay, thereby leading to default, seizure of collateral and foreclosure by the lender.

Typical Subprime Borrower Profile Lower Credit Score – FICO score of 620 or below – FICO score is a measure of past credit history Higher Loan-to-Value ratio – Compares the value of the loan to market value of the property – Indicator of borrower leverage Higher Income Ratio – Compares monthly loan payments to monthly income – Indicator of income adequacy Lower Documentation Standards – Verification of income is less rigorous

New Model of Mortgage Lending

Who are the Key Participants? Home Buyer Mortgage Brokers Sub Prime Lenders Big Banks Securitization, Manufacturers of CDO’s Rating Companies Securities and CDO’s Investors

How does it all Work ? Sub Prime Loan Lending to borrowers with a weak, substandard or incomplete credit history Subprime loans are also called “B-paper” because they are offered at interest rates that are higher than that of “A-paper” or Prime credit risk. Subprime loans include the financing of homes, cars, credit cards etc. However, most of the recent attention from the media has been on subprime home mortgages.

Modification of Community Investment Act, 1995 The Move encourage to Subprime Loan to Poorer Section to Society having poor Credit Rating. Loan were bearing High Risk thus High Rate of Interest. The value of Sub prime Mortgage Loan stood $ 1.3 trillion as on March 2007. Low Interest Rate during the period of 2000 and 2004. Cheap funds triggered an increase in housing demand which in turn led to a rise in housing prices.

The Housing Boom Between 1997 and 2006 home prices in the US increased by 124%. This led to huge increase in construction activity. Banks offered NINJA Loans i.e. No income, No Jobs, Assets Loans, where no down payment is required to be made. Easy payment ‘teaser’ loans(wherein the first few installments' are deceptively low and then increase drastically as per the prevalent interest rates). Cheap and easy loans coupled with rising housing prices propelled an increase in home demand both for residential as well as speculative purposes. Rising home prices also prompted home owners to obtain second mortgages against the increased value for consumer spending thereby leading to a large increase in household debt. Thus a large proportion of consumer spending was out of borrowed funds instead of from genuine income of customers.

The Housing Bust Over Building in the Housing Sector, led to rise in interest rates, surplus inventory in housing markets. Housing price begins to falls as a results of such inventory surplus and thus demand declined. By May 2008, housing prices had declined by more than 18% from their peak in Q2 2006. Consumers found it difficult to refinance their mortgages. By March 2008, the values of the homes were lower than the value of the mortgages which provided the consumers an incentive to foreclose their loans and walk away without their homes. During 2007, nearly 1.3 million homes were subject to foreclosure activity, up 79% from 2006.

The Housing Bust Thus, as can be concluded from above, while the real estate market boomed, lenders as well as borrowers, both made merry; lenders by issuing easy loans to non deserving customers and borrowers by availing these loans to fulfill the great American dream owing a home. But these dreams crashed once interest rates shot up and housing prices began deflating. But the buck did not stop at the financial institutions who issued high risk sub prime mortgage loans, instead of waiting for the principal and interest to be repaid on these loans over a period of time, the banks went ahead and securitized these mortgage loans.

Process Of Securitization Model Of Securitization MORTGAGE BROKER Step 1-Borrower obtains a Loan from Lender with the help of Mortgage Broker. Loans Proceeds BORROWER LENDER Step 2-Lender Sells the Loans to Issuer an Borrower Begins Monthly Payments to Servicer. Loan Monthly Payments Step 3-The Issuer sells the Securities to the investor, Underwriter assist in sale, credit Rating Agencies Rate the Securities, Credit Enhancement may be provided. Cash SERVICER Loans TRUSTEE Monthly Payments UNDERWRITER ISSUER RATING AGENCIES CREDIT ENHANCEMENT PROVIDER Monthly Payments Cash Step 4-The Servicer collect Monthly Payments from the Borrower and remits the same to the Issuer. The Trustee and the servicer manage the delinquent loans according to the Pooling And service Agreement. Securities INVESTOR

Role of Securitization in Current Financial Crisis Securitization allowed a large number of high risk loans to be transferred to special purpose vehicles from the balance sheets of lending institutions through products such as MBOs and CDOs. It also enabled the financial institutions to bundle off its mortgage loans through securitized products to investors and generate immediate cash. Securitization of loans also freed cash to allow financial institutions to make more loans. This further fuelled the boom in the Housing Market. Inaccurate credit risk measurement practices resulted in risky sub prime loans being clubbed with prime loans within the same securitized products. High credit ratings on securitized products encouraged the flow of investor funds into these securities. Moreover, in the booming housing market, there was a false sense of security, that even if the borrowers defaulted on their payments, the value of the house would be more than enough to cover the outstanding loan amounts.

Liquidity Crisis As defaults in the loans grew beyond expectations, the investors sought sell their positions. The institutions holding these packages of loans had to sell some of their assets to meet cash demands from their investors. However, there wasn’t anyone to buy these securities, except as very low prices (pennies on the dollar). This started the liquidity crisis. It expanded when the same intuitions then sold their more solid assets to help meet the cash demand from their investors. This included stocks with solid fundamentals, causing the stock markets to fall. As a result rates for new loans rose in price to better reflect the realities of the market. New borrowers were faced with rates that were substantially higher than just a few weeks ago. Even well qualified borrowers encountered difficulties borrowing money as the lending institutions “over reacted” to the credit problems. This is how we experienced the latest liquidity crisis which has caused much of the increase in volatility we have been seeing the stock markets. Chapter XIV Regulatory responses to the sub prime crisis .

Causes of the Crisis The Housing Downturn Borrowers Reduction in Interest Rates Excess supply of home inventory Sub Prime Loan Sales volume of new homes dropped Reduced market prices Increasing foreclosure rates Borrowers Difficulties in re-financing Begin to default on loans Walk away from properties Fraudulent misrepresentations

Causes of the Crisis Financial Institutions Securitization Attraction from high returns Offered high-risk loan and incentives Believes that will pass on the risk to others Securitization Mortgage backed securities Risk readily transferred to other investors From 54% in 2001 to 75% in 2006

Causes of the Crisis Government and Regulators Central banks Community Reinvestment Act, encourages the development of the subprime debacle Glass-Steagall Act contributes to the subprime crisis (FDIC back up) Central banks Less concerned with avoiding asset bubbles React after bubbles burst to minimize the impact No determination on monetary policy Institutions risk more because of Fed’s rescue

Domestic Impacts of the Crisis Home Owners Housing prices down 10.4% in Dec. 07 vs. year-ago Sales of new homes dropped by 26.4% in 07 vs. 06 By Jan. 2008, the inventory of unsold new homes stood at 9.8 months, the highest level since 1981. Two million families will be evicted from their homes Minorities Disproportionate level of foreclosures in minority 46% Hispanics, 55% blacks got higher cost loans

Direct Impacts of the Crisis Financial Institutions – Bankruptcy New Century Financial (USA)– Apr. 2, 2007 American Home Mortgage (USA) – Aug. 6, 2007 Sentinel management Group (USA) – Aug. 17, 2007 Ameriquest (USA) – Aug. 31, 2007 NetBank (USA) – Sept. 30, 2007 Terra Securities (Norway) – Nov. 28, 2007 American Freedom Mortgage Inc. (USA) – Jan. 30, 2007

Direct Impacts of the Crisis Financial Institutions – Write-Downs Citigroup (USA) - $24.1 bln Merrill Lynch (USA) - $22.5 bln UBS AG (Switzerland) - $16.7 bln Morgan Stanley (USA) - $10.3 Credit Agricole (France) - $4.8 bln HSBC (United Kingdom) - $3.4 bln Bank of America (USA) - $5.28 bln CIBC (Canada) – 3.2 bln Deutsche Bank (Germany) - $3.1 bln By 02/19/08 losses or write-downs > U.S. $150 bln Be expected exceeding $200 - $400 bln

Domestic Impacts of the Crisis Economy Condition Recession Severe Liquidity and Credit Crunch Low GDP growth rate Business close out or lose money (banks, builders etc.) Weak financial market Low consumer spending Investors have lost trillions of dollars Lose jobs Decrease in consumer wealth Decline in consumption led to decline in demand which in turn has affected the manufacturing and services industry.

Global Impacts of the Crisis Investors will be very cautious to act Lack confidence in stock/bound market Consumer spending will slowdown Lack of cash or unwilling to spend World economy may slip into recession U.S. economy condition will affect global economy GDP growth will be low Lose businesses Lose jobs Economy slow down

Global Impacts of the Crisis Financial market May take long time to recover Unemployment rate may be high Slow economy increase unemployment rate Exports will decrease in China, Korea, Taiwan GDP growth heavily depends on export

Regulatory Responses 1. Economic Stimulus Act of 2008: enacted February 13, 2008 an Act of Congress providing for several kinds of economic stimuli intended to boost the United States economy in 2008 and to avert or ameliorate a recession. The law provides for tax rebates to low- and middle-income U.S. taxpayers, tax incentives to stimulate business investment, and an increase in the limits imposed on mortgages eligible for purchase by government-sponsored enterprises (e.g., Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac). The total cost of this bill was projected at $152 billion for 2008 2. Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 Enacted on July 30,2008 Lends money to mortgage bankers to help them refinance the mortgages of owner-occupants at risk of foreclosure. The lender reduces the amount of the mortgage (typically taking a significant loss), in exchange for sharing in any future appreciation in the selling price of the house via the Federal Housing Administration. The refinancing must have fixed payments for a term of 30 years; Requires that lenders disclose more information about the products they offer and the deals they close; Helps local governments buy and renovate foreclosed properties

Regulatory Responses 3. Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 • commonly referred to as a bailout of the U.S. financial system, is a law authorizing the United States Secretary of the Treasury to spend up to US$700 billion to purchase distressed assets, especially mortgage-backed securities, and make capital injections into banks • The bailed-out banks are mostly U.S. or foreign banks, though the Federal Reserve extended help to American Express, whose bank-holding application it recently approved. • The Act was proposed by Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson during the global financial crisis of 2008. • The bill, HR1424 was passed by the House on October 3, 2008 and signed into law.

Impact of Financial Crisis on India Stock market steep fall. Liquidity crunch and weak rupee. Decline in exports and increase in trade deficits. Increase in job losses and unemployment rate. Higher cost of borrowing and General slowdown in the industry. Real Estate Market Crush. Lay off, Retrenchment, Closing down of Plants. capital markets drying up. Commodity Price increase.

Lesson From Crisis Key Lessons for Governments Importance of sound information on what is happening on the ground as the crisis unfolds. Short-term responses to a crisis cannot ignore longer term implications for development in all its dimensions. The macroeconomic stabilization response must be consistent with restoring them growth process Financial sector policies need to balance concerns about the fragility of the banking system with the needs for sound longer-term financial institutions. The social policy response must provide rapid income support to those in most need, giving highest on the poorest amongst those affected, while preserving the key physical and human assets of poor people and their communities. Address the tradeoffs between rapid crisis response and longer-term development goals

Key lessons for industries Diversify Globally Local foray Tighten Recruitment and Retention Processes Address the Skills Shortage Improve Productivity Innovate- do things differently

Key lessons for Individuals Know your debt Borrow sensibly Don’t over-leverage Every investment has risk Everything is interlinked Diversify for retirement planning Development of Human Capital Save during good times For investing in share markets Have a long-term horizon One should know when to invest. Size Matters, at least in Equities

Crisis Survival Guide Increase your savings rate Allocate to fixed income Don’t panic Look for alternate income sources Go for insurance Manage your portfolio Don’t worry – what goes down will always go up Markets will rebound – these tips will prepare you to be a winner

Thank You!