Epidemiology. Approximately 2,800 children are diagnosed with ALL in the United States annually. It has a striking peak incidence between 2–6 yr of age and occurs slightly more frequently in boys than in girls.

Introduction Leukemia – the most common malignancy in childhood. Acute leukemia– 97% Acute lymphoblastic leukemia– 75% Acute myeloblastic leukemia– 20% Chronic leukemia– 3% Chronic myelogenous leukemia (Ph positive) Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia ( JMML)

Leukemia The most common childhood cancer ( 1/3 of pediatric malignancies ). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) represents about 75 % (peak incidence at age 4 years). Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for about 20 % of leukemia (stable from birth through age 10) Others : CML

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia In the United States, about 3,000 children each year are found to have ALL Peak incidence occurs from 3 to 5 years of age.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia the most common symptoms of leukemia:f ever, anemia, bleeding and/or bruising, reccurent infections, persistant weakness or tiredness, achiness in the bones or joints, difficulty breathing (dyspnea), adenohepatosplenomegaly

Clinical manifestations Bone marrow failure & Organ infiltration Common symptoms Fever ( 60%) Malaise ( 50%) Pallor ( 40%)

Etiology Unknown ( usually) Hereditary Down’s syndrome Leukemia in siblings Chemicals Chronic benzene exposure Alkylating agents Ionizing radiation Predisposing hematological disease ( MPD, AA) Viruses ( HTLV-1)

Diagnostic criteria ALL is often difficult to diagnose. The early signs may be similar to the flu or other common diseases.

Diagnostic criteria bone marrow aspiration and biopsy complete blood count (CBC) additional blood tests, genetic, molecular tests computerized tomography scan magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) x-ray ultrasound lymph node biopsy spinal tap/lumbar puncture

Diagnostic criteria Peripheral blood: anemia,thrombocytopenia, variable white cell count with or without blasts. Bone marrow: hyper-or hypo-cellularity with excess of blasts (blasts>30% of nucleated cells).

Diagnostic criteria Cytochemistry study and surface marker study confirm the lymphoid origin.

V-25 Leukemic cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia characterized by round or convoluted nuclei, high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and absence of cytoplasmic graulnes.

Differential diagnosis AML. MDS. Non-Hodgkin‘s lymphoma with bone marrow involvement or with leukemic change. Aplastic anemia HIV infections EBV CMV Systemic form of juvenile chronic arthritis

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Laboratory examinations Full blood count Coagulation screening – especially AML M3. Biochemical screening Chest radiography Bone marrow aspiration Immunophenotyping Cytogenetics & molecular studies Lumbar puncture ( CNS involvement)

Complications Cerebral hemorrhage, pulmonary hemorrhage or other vital organ hemorrhage. Infection(sepsis or septic shock ), pulmonary edema. Tumor lysis syndrome. Hyper K HyperPo4). Coagulopathy before or after chemotherapy. Anemia.

Risk Grouping of TPOG (ALL) Standard Risk High Risk– CNS leukemia, cranial nerve palsy, testicular leukemia, pre-B ALL t(1;19) or E2A-PBX1 fusion

Very High Risk WBC > /mm 3 T – cell < 1y/o Lymphoblastic lymphoma with bone marrow lymphoblasts > 25% t(9;22) or BCR-ABL fusion t(4;11) or MLL-AF4 fusion Other MLL gene rearrangement Hypodiploidy ( chr 44 or less)

Poor Prognosis (I) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Relapse Bone marrow– the most common site, blast cell increase CNS– IICP ( vomiting, headache, papilledema, lethargy) Convulsion Behavior disturbance Testis– painless swelling

Survival rates 75 % to 80% of children with ALL survive at least 5 years from diagnosis with current treatments that incorporate systemic therapy (e.g., combination chemotherapy) and specific central nervous system (CNS) preventive therapy (i.e., intrathecal chemotherapy with or without cranial irradiation).

Treatment Chemotherapy – reach to remission (blast<5%) CNS prophylaxis Intrathecal C/T Cranial irradiation Bone marrow transplantation

Management and treatment Hydration, prevention of hyperuricemia and tumor lysis syndrome. Antibiotics, may need the 3rd generation of cephalosporin or other strong antibiotics, even antifungal agents.

Management and treatment Blood transfusion(component therapy) Nutritional support Bone marrow transplantation Growth factor

Treatment The primary treatment for ALL is chemotherapy. Radiation therapy may be used in certain cases Bone marrow transplantation is being studied in clinical trials.

Treatment : Chemotherapy Prednisone: Used in induction and reinduction therapy and also given as intermittent pulses during continuation therapy. toxicity : fluid retention, increased appetite, transient diabetes, acne, striae, personality changes, peptic ulcer, immunosuppression, osteoporosis, growth retardation; caution in diabetes, fungal infections, and osteonecrosis

Vincristine: toxicity : Peripheral neuropathy manifested by constipation, ileus, ptosis, vocal cord paralysis, jaw pain, abdominal pain, loss of deep tendon reflexes; reduce dosage with severe peripheral neuropathy; bone marrow depression; local ulceration with extravasation, SIADH

Asparaginase local rash, hives, anaphylaxis; bone marrow depression, hyperglycemia, hepatotoxicity, and bleeding may occur. Daunorubicin Myelosuppression and thrombocytopenia; may cause cardiac arrhythmias immediately following administration and cardiomyopathy after long-term use; nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, and alopecia; extravasation may occur, resulting in severe tissue necrosis; caution with impaired hepatic, renal, or biliary function.

Methotrexate (Folex PFS) Hematologic, renal, GI, pulmonary, and neurologic systems; discontinue if significant drop in blood counts; aspirin, NSAIDs, or low- dose steroids may be administered concomitantly with MTX (possibility of increased toxicity with NSAIDs, including salicylates, has not been tested)

Treatment Induction:(10 weeks) Prednisolone,Vincristine,Idarubicin, Asparaginase,cyclophosphamine,cytarabine, 6-MP,TIT. Consolidation:(8 weeks) 6-MP,MTX,TIT Reinduction:(7 weeks) Dexamethasone,,Vincristine,Idarubicin, Asparaginase,cyclophosphamine,cytarabine, 6-MP,TIT.

Blood Cell Formation

Acute Leukemia: AML versus ALL Adults - 85% of acute leukemia is AML Children-85% of acute leukemia is ALL Leukemic Blast morphology AML: cytoplasmic granules, Auer rods, more cytoplasm, 2-5 nucleoli ALL: no cytoplasmic granules, minimal cytoplasm, 1-2 nucleoli

AML: FAB classification French American British classification M0-M7 based on morphology, and special cytochemical studies Historically, distinguishing AML M0 from ALL was a major clinical problem

AML FAB classification M 0,M 1, M 2 : Myeloblasts with no, little or some granulocytic maturation M 3 : Promyelocytic leukemia M 4 : Myelomonocytic or eosinophilic M 5 : Monocytic M 6 : Erythroleukemia M 7 : Megakaryoblastic Not all that useful except for M3 or APL

Auer rods = AML

Acute Leukemia: AML vs. ALL CytochemistryAMLALL Myeloperoxidase + - Sudan black + - Non-specific esterase + (M 4,5 ) - PAS + (M 6 ) + Acid phosphatase + (M 6 ) +

AML Treatment: Induction Chemotherapy Anthracycline (Idarubicin) for 3 days and Cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) for 7 days (3+7, Younger/fit patients only) Three to 5 weeks of pancytopenia Supportive care red cell and platelet transfusions, prophylactic antibacterial, antifungals and antivirals

AML Treatment: Allogeneic Transplant Advantages Stem cells from HLA-matched sibling or unrelated individual allow high dose therapy and are free of leukemia Immunologic graft versus leukemia effect (GVL).Results in decreased rate of leukemic relapse

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) The myeloproliferative diseases (MPDs) are clonal stem cell disorders characterised by leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, splenomegaly, and bone marrow hypercelularity They are divided into polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), myelofibrosis and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

●CML results from a somatic mutation in a pluripotential lymphohematopoietic cell ●CML is characterized by increased granulocytic cell line, associated with erythroid and platelet hyperplasia ●The disease usually envolves into an accelerated phase that often terminates in acute phase chronic phase3-5 years accelerated phase blastic phase3-6 months

Translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11)

The bcr/abl fusion protein Uncontrolled kinase activity 1.Deregulated cellular proliferation 2.Decreased adherence of leukemia cells to the bone marrow stroma 3.Leukemic cells are protected from normal programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Clinical features 30 percent of patient are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis Symptoms are gradual in onset: easy fatigability, malaise, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, weight loss, excessive sweating ● Less frequent symptoms: Night sweats, heat intolerance- mimicking hyperthyroidism, gouty arthitis, symptoms of leukostasis (tinnitus, stupor), splenic infartion (left upper-quadrant and left shoulder pain), urticaria (result of histamine release) ● Physical signs: Pallor, splenomegaly, sternal pain

Laboratory features The hemoglobin concentration is decreased Nucleated red cells in blood film The leukocyte count above 25000/μl (often above /μl), granulocytes at all stages of development Hypersegmentated neutrophils The basophiles count is increased The platelet count is normal or increased Neutrophils alkaline phosphatase activity is low or absent (90%)

Laboratory features (2) The marrow is hypercellular (granulocytic hyperplasia) Reticulin fibrosis Hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria Cytogenetic test- presence of the Ph chromosome Molecular test – presence of the BCR-ABL fusion gene

Differential diagnosis Polycythemia vera Myelofibrosis Essential thrombocytemia Extreme reactive leukocytosis

Treatment Oral chemotherapeutic agents (hydroxyurea, busulfan) Interferon alfa Imatinib mesylate (Glivec, Gleevec)- Inhibits activity of mutant tyrosine kinase by blocking ATP binding Allo- SCT

Blast phase (blast crisis) of CML Criteria of blast phase 1. Blasts ≥20% 2. extramedullary tumors Phenotype of blasts 1. Mieloblasts - 50% 2. Limphoblasts - 30% 3. Megakarioblasts – 10% 4. Acute myelofibrosis