Investment Information and Securities Transactions Chapter 3 Investment Information and Securities Transactions

Getting Started in Online Investing Internet is a major force in investing Makes investing more accessible to more people Provides access to sophisticated investment tools Convenient, relatively simple, inexpensive and fast

Online Investment Tools Investment Education Websites Offer tutorials, online classes and articles Examples: Investing Online Resource Center, Investor Guide.com, The Motley Fool Investments Tools Websites Develop financial plans, set investment goals Planning Tools Websites Provides financial calculators Example: Kiplinger’s Personal Finance

Online Investment Tools Screening Tools Websites Sort through databases of stocks, bonds and mutual funds to find those with specific characteristics Examples: Zacks.com and Yahoo!Finance Charting Tools Websites Plot performance of stocks over a specified time period Examples: Barchart.com and BigCharts.com Stock Quotes and Portfolio Tracking Websites Obtain prices and track stock performance Examples: Yahoo!Finance and MSN Money

Stock Chart for Qualcomm

Pros and Cons of Using the Internet as an Investment Tool Exercise same cautions as regular investing Remember: there is no live broker to act as a “safety net” Be skeptical of “free” advice online Know what you are buying and from whom Watch out for frequent trading High transaction costs Higher taxes on short-term gains Beware of the risks of margin trading

Types of Investment Information Descriptive Information – factual data on past behavior of economy, market, industry company or given investment vehicle Analytical Information – available current data in conjunction with projections and recommendations about potential investments

Types of Investment Information Economic and current events Industry and company information Information on alternative investment vehicles Price information Information on personal investment strategies

Sources of Investment Information Economic and Current Event Information Finance Journals: Wall Street Journal, Barron’s, Investor’s Business Daily General newspapers: The New York Times Institutional News: Dow Jones, Bloomberg Financial Services, AP, UPI, CNNMoney Business Periodicals: Fortune, Forbes, Business Week, Kiplinger’s Personal Finance, Money, Smart Money Government Publications: Economic Report of the President, Federal Reserve Bulletin Special Subscription Services: Kiplinger Washington Letter

Sources of Investment Information Industry and Company Information General business periodicals: Wall Street Journal, Business Week, Forbes, Fortune Trade publications: periodicals devoted to a specific industry Regulation FD: requires critical company information to be disclosed simultaneously to investment professionals and public Company Web sites Stockholders’ Reports: report published annually by publicly held corporations Form 10-K: annual statement filed with SEC by all companies with publicly traded stock Freeedgar.com: SEC-maintained website with free access to SEC filings

Sources of Investment Information Industry and Company Information (cont’d) Comparative Data Sources: Dun & Bradstreet’s Key Business Ratios Subscription Services: Standard & Poor’s Corporation, Value Line Investment Survey Brokerage Reports: research reports available to brokerage firm’s clients Investment Letters: recommendations of experts in securities investment

A Report Containing Descriptive and Analytical Information

Sources of Investment Information Price Information Quotations: use ticker symbols to obtain current price data and statistics on companies TV sources: Bloomberg TV, CNBC, CNN Headline News

Sources of Investment Information Other Online Investment Information Sources Financial Portals: supersites on the Web that combine investing features with other personal finance features Bond sites: online resources for bond and interest rate information Mutual fund sites: online resources for mutual fund information International sites: online resources for global investing, from country research to foreign currency exchange Investment discussion forums: websites where investors can exchange opinions on stocks and investing strategies (Examples: Motley Fool, Yahoo! Finance)

Sources of Investment Information Avoiding Online Scams Beware of stock manipulators posting false news or overly optimistic opinions Always know your source Beware of “pump-and-dump”—promoters who hype a stock and sell out on the inflated prices Beware of “get-rich-quick”—promoters selling worthless investments to naïve buyers

Sources of Investment Information Protect Yourself by Asking Three Key Questions: Is the investment registered? Is the person licensed and law-abiding? Does the investment sound too good to be true?

Understanding Market Averages and Indexes Reasons to use market averages and indexes Gauge general market conditions Compare your portfolio performance to large, diversified portfolio Study market cycles, trends and behaviors to forecast future market behavior Stock market averages and indexes measure the general behavior of stock prices over time Averages reflect the arithmetic average price behavior at a given point in time Indexes measure the current price behavior relative to a base value set at an earlier point in time

Understanding Market Averages and Indexes Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) Most popular average Comprised of 30 high quality, diversified stocks Tracks overall market activity Stock makeup can change to better reflect the broader stock market Dow Jones Transportation Average Comprised of 20 stocks, including railroads, airlines, freight forwarders and mixed transportation companies

Understanding Market Averages and Indexes Dow Jones Utilities Average Comprised of 15 public utility stocks Standard & Poor’s 500 Composite Index Comprised of 500 stocks from major industry sectors More broad-based and representative of overall market than DJIA True index calculated from 1941–1943 base period closing market values Standard & Poor’s provide seven other indexes for tracking specific industry sectors

Stock Market Averages and Indexes (July 12, 2006)

Understanding Market Averages and Indexes NYSE Composite Index Includes 2,100 or so stocks listed in NYSE AMEX Composite Index Includes all stocks listed on the AMEX Nasdaq Composite Index Includes all stocks traded on the Nasdaq stock market Often used to track technology companies’ behavior due to large technology companies listed with Nasdaq

Understanding Market Averages and Indexes Value Line Composite Index Includes all 1,700 or so stocks tracked by Value Line Uses equal weighting to eliminate the bias of stocks with large total market values Wilshire 5000 Index Includes 5,000 stocks traded on the major exchanges Russell 1000 Index Includes 1,000 largest companies Russell 2000 Index Includes 2,000 small companies Europe/Australia/Far East (EAFE MSCI) Tracks stocks trade on foreign exchanges

Bond Market Indicators Bond Yields Total return on bond purchased at current price and held to maturity Interest +/– changes in bond value Reported as annual rate of return Dow Jones Corporate Bond Index Calculated for utility bonds, industrial bonds and a composite bond average

The Role of Stockbrokers Act as intermediaries between buyers and sellers of securities Typically paid by commissions Must be licensed by SEC and securities exchanges where they place orders Client places order, stockbroker sends order to brokerage firms, who executes order on the exchanges where firm owns seats

The Role of Stockbrokers Brokerage Services Primary service is to executive clients’ purchase and sale transactions at the best possible price Client’s security certificates often held in street name Street name: stock certificates issued in brokerage firm’s name, but held in trust for the client who actually owns them Research information is often provided on specific stocks or economic conditions Statements showing detailed account transactions are provided

Types of Brokerage Firms Full-Service Broker Offers broad range of services and products Provides research and investment advice Examples: Merrill Lynch, A.G. Edwards Premium Discount Broker Low commissions Limited research or investment advice Examples: Charles Schwab

Types of Brokerage Firms Basic Discount Brokers Main focus is executing trades electronically online No research or investment advice Commissions are at deep-discount

Selecting a Stockbroker Find someone who understands your investment goals Consider the investing style and goals of your stockbroker Be prepared to pay higher fees for advice and help from full-service brokers Ask for referrals from friends or business associates Beware of churning: increasing commissions by causing excessive trading of clients’ accounts

Types of Brokerage Accounts Custodial Account: brokerage account for a minor that requires parent or guardian to handle transactions Cash Account: brokerage account that can only make cash transactions Margin Account: brokerage account in which the brokerage firms extends borrowing privileges Wrap Account: account that shifts investment decisions to a professional money manager and charges a flat annual fee

Basic Types of Orders Orders for less than 100 shares of stock Odd-lot Orders Orders for less than 100 shares of stock Round-lot Orders Orders for a 100-share unit or multiples thereof Market Orders Orders to buy or sell stock at best price available when order is placed Fastest way to fill order

Basic Types of Orders Limit Orders Order to buy at or below a specified price or to sell at or above a specified price If price limits are not met, order is not filled Fill-or-Kill Orders Limit orders which is canceled if not filled immediately Day Orders Limit orders that expires at end of the day if not filled Good-’til-Canceled (GTC) Orders Limit orders that remains in effect for six months unless filled, canceled, or renewed

Basic Types of Orders Stop-Loss (Stop) Orders Typically used to protect investors from stock price declines “Suspended” order is placed to sell a stock if price reaches or falls below a specified level Orders can be day orders or GTC orders Once activated, becomes a market order Can also use stop orders to buy stocks, such as to limit risk on short sales Stop-Limit Orders Orders to sell stock at or better than specified price Prevents sales at undesirable price No sale may occur if prices continues to decline

Day Trading Highly risky, especially if used with margin trading Day Trader: an investor who buys and sells stocks quickly throughout the day in hopes of making quick profits Highly risky, especially if used with margin trading High brokerage commissions due to frequent trading

Tips for Successful Online Trades Know how to place and confirm orders Verify stock ticker symbols Use limit orders Check and recheck orders—you pay for typos Don’t get carried away Follow a strategy Don’t churn Avoid or limit margin orders Open accounts with two brokers Double-check orders for accuracy after completion

Trading Considerations Transaction Costs Fixed commissions used on small trades Negotiated commissions may be used on large trades Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) Protects against broker financial failure Limits up to $500,000 for securities and $100,000 for cash Does not guarantee against churning or bad broker advice

Trading Consideration Mediation Informal, voluntary dispute resolution process between a customer and a broker Nonbinding if parties cannot agree Arbitration Formal dispute resolution process that requires customer and broker to present arguments before a panel Binding arbitration requires customer to accept arbitration panel’s decisions and give up right to sue broker

Using an Investment Advisor Advisors are required to be registered with SEC No law or regulatory body guarantees competence Look for advisors with experience Look for advisors with professional designations Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) Certified Investment Management Analyst (CIMA) Chartered Investment Counselor (CIC) Certified Financial Planner (CFP) Chartered Financial Consultant (ChFC) Chartered Life Underwriter (CLU) Certified Public Accountant (CPA)

Paying an Investment Advisor Typical professional investment advice fees Small portfolios: annual fees between 2% and 3% of funds under management Large portfolios: annual fees between 0.25% and 0.75% of funds under management Check the track record and reputation of advisor Expect lots of questions from good advisor to assess your investing expertise

Investment Clubs Investments Clubs A legal partnership formed by investors to pool their knowledge and money Members make stock recommendations and analyze stock performance Better Investing Community assists in organizing clubs and provides educational tools Better Investing Community has over 200,000 investors in over 16,000 investment clubs

The End!

Online Sources for Industry and Company Information

Pages from a Stockholders’ Report

Popular Offerings of the Major Subscription Services

Popular Investment Web Sites

The DJIA from January 13, 2006, to July 12, 2006

Major Full-Service, Premium Discount, and Basic Discount Brokers