Lecture 6. September 8, 2008 Finish Chondrichthyes 1. SHARKS & RAYS a. reproduction b. notable shark & ray orders c. shark conservation 2. Sarcopterygii vs. Actinopterygii 3. Story of the coelacanth a. Coelacanth biology b. Lungfish biology

mermaid’s purses

Lemon Shark Giving Birth

Whale Shark

whale shark video N39LJIhttp:// N39LJI

goblin shark

megamouth

megamouth video mnZv8Qhttp:// mnZv8Q start at 2:10

thresher shark (Alopiidae)

thresher shark video VRMFQhttp:// VRMFQ start at 5:30

basking sharks

great white shark

great white shark video OCqoohttp:// OCqoo

Order Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks) Family Carcharhinidae (requiem sharks) Largest Order - 8 families, 210 species Tiger shark Hammerhead shark

Order Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks) Family Carcharhinidae (requiem sharks) Bull shark Oceanic white tip shark Silky shark

Shark attacks on humans 35 to 55 unprovoked attacks each year 6 to 11 fatalities per year 54% of attacks on surfers/windsurfers 38% on swimmers/waders 6% on divers/snorkelers Regions with most shark attacks:

Shark attacks on humans 35 to 55 unprovoked attacks each year 6 to 11 fatalities per year 54% of attacks on surfers/windsurfers 38% on swimmers/waders 6% on divers/snorkelers Regions with most shark attacks: South Africa - 63 attacks from 1990 to 2003 Brazil - 57 “ “ “ “ Australia - 51

Shark attacks on humans 35 to 55 unprovoked attacks each year 6 to 11 fatalities per year 54% of attacks on surfers/windsurfers 38% on swimmers/waders 6% on divers/snorkelers Regions with most shark attacks: South Africa - 63 attacks from 1990 to 2003 Brazil - 57 “ “ “ “ Australia - 51 Florida - 311

dogfish sharks (Squalidae) dogfish shark

saw sharks pointed snout used to thrash and incapacitate small fishes

electric rays (Torpedinidae)

sawfish (Pristidae)

More sawfish pictures

Skates (Rajidae)

Myliobatiformes Sting rays (Dasyatidae)

Myliobatiformes Sting rays

Myliobatiformes Manta rays (Myliobatidae)

Weblinks: great white : megamouth: thresher: hammerhead: sawfish: manta ray: for ground and requiem sharks (family Carcharinidae), skates (family Rajidae), and sting rays (Dasyatidae) go to the following website and look up some details about one or two species. There is tons of really cool stuff on sharks at the Florida Museum of Natural History website. We could spend a lot of time on each of the various orders and families in the Elasmobranchii. Instead, I want you to look up something about each of the following groups. Find one or two facts that are of interest to you.

shark conservation soupfin sharks porbeagle direct targets of fisheries - two examples

shark conservation sharks as by-catch

Blue Shark - Common by-catch in swordfish fisheries blue shark swordfish

Discerning Characters of Sarcopterygii vs. Actinopterygii

Fleshy, lobed pectoral, pelvic, anal and second dorsal fin lobed, fleshy parts go up into fins

Class Sarcopterygii Three major living groups Coelacanthimorpha-coelacanths (two species) Dipnoi-lungfishes (six species) Tetrapoda (all non-fish vertebrates)

Order Coelacanthiformes Fossil record extends from M. Devonian (370 Ma) to Cretaceous (65Ma)

Order Coelacanthiformes Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer

Order Coelacanthiformes Smith describes the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, discovered in 1939, a true living fossil

Bony plates Diphycercal tail Teeth 0n hard plates

Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer Brass plate at Latimer's Landing East London.

Order Coelacanthiformes “New” populaiton discovered at Sulawesi, Indonesia 1997

Order Coelacanthiformes “New” populaiton discovered at Sulawesi, Indonesia 1997 DNA analyses indicate divergence from L. chalumnae at Ma Described as a new species L. menadoensis

Order Coelacanthiformes