Distinctive Features of Russian Science and Government Policy Irina Dezhina Head of Economics of Science and Innovations Division, Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Head of Research Group on Science and Industrial Policy, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology

Contents 1. Financing, workforce and scientific results: major trends 2. Government measures to strengthen research in universities 3. Inviting foreign scholars: approaches and results 4. Institutional reform 5. Conclusions

Expenditures on R&D, as % of GDP (Russia-2012; other –nearest year available)

Expenditures on R&D Financed by Government and Business

Foreign Financing, % of total Expenditures on R&D in Russia

Changes in the Number of Researchers (thousands, headcount) /2000 % Researchers - total From total: RAS institutes Universities

Dynamics of the Age Structure

Average Age of Researchers in Russia

Share of Publications in World Total: Top 5 Countries and Russia (WoS) Country USA China Germany Japan France Russia Source: of-science htmlhttp://isterligov.blogspot.ru/2013/06/web- of-science html

Articles and Citations: BRIC Countries and USA, , WoS Country No. of Articles Citations per Article Russia Brazil India China USA

Share of Publications with Russian Researchers in Country Total, SCOPUS-2012 CountryShare of publications in co-authorship with Russian researchers, % Belarus30.41 Armenia30.28 Georgia30.12 Ukraine10.09 Germany2.23 France1.90 UK1.09 Japan0.76 USA0.60

Government Programs to Strengthen Universities Government Programs Innovational Educational Program ( ) Research Universities (since 2009) 57 universities29 universities 1 billion USD 1.7 billion USD New quality of education Inclusion in the list of top-500 within years 20% co-financing Federal Universities (since 2006) 8 NEW Universities, 0.6 billion USD Regional development “5 in top 100” Program 15 universities (since 2013) Total 1.1 billion USD for 4 years Special status to MSU and SPbSU, 1.75 billion USD for Programs for Development 55 universities (since 2012)

Leading Universities: General Regulations New goal: 5 out of 15 have to be in top-100 leading world universities by 2020 ( Presidential Decree from ) System of indicators. Attention to publications and citations; foreign students (at least 15%) and professors Research and Federal Universities: low flexibility in spending budgetary financing (it is not allowed to spend money on R&D, support of graduate students; salary for technicians who operate equipment) Teaching loads have not been reduced and may be even increased

New Role of Universities: Government View “IVORY TOWERS” BUT ENTREPRENEURAL: - Should become centers of fundamental research - Should substitute corporate research (in-house R&D) and should be in demand from industry

Foreign Scholars in Russian Science Cooperative projects led by diaspora members 76% PIs - from universities; 31% - from USA; 44% - professors. Average citations per article – 7.7 Megagrants 119 labs; 1/3 of leaders – years old; 800 publications in WoS or Scopus journals Megagrants: expert evaluation of proposals and monitoring of results (half of reviewers are foreigners)

Current Institutional Reforms 1. Reform of RAS: combining RAS, RAMS, and RAAS former Academy institutes transferred to the Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations 3. New approaches for assessing performance of research institutes (not linked to assessment of research universities) 4. Possible shutdown of institutes and cuts of personnel 5. Growing grant support: Russian Science Foundation

Major sectors in Russian R&D Complex (2012) Academy Higher education Business enterprise Number of organizations involved in R&D 871 (24.4%) 660 (18.5%) 1362 (38.2%) Researchers, thousand 72.3 (19.4%) 43.0 (11.5%) (51.6%) Intramural expenditures on R&D, thousand RUR 91.2 (13.0%) 65.0 (9.3%) (58.3%) Share in total basic research, %

RAS Productivity Russian Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Max Planck Society (Germany) National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS, France) Number of publications in Scopus 81,075109,72743,109117,311 Average number of publications per researcher Average number of citations per publication Source: Nature 464, 1257 (2010)

Basic Research Expenditures, % GDP (2011)

Budgets of Foundations (federal financing in billion RUR) Russian Science Foundation Russian Foundation for Basic Research Russian Foundation for Humanities

Measuring Performance of Research Institutes Interagency evaluation of performance 25 major criteria which will be grouped (by 6-7) for assessing different types of institutes 4 groups of indicators: 1)Outputs (bibliometrics, patent stats, and attracted funds) 2)Workforce development (number of graduate students and personnel who took part in various trainings) 3)Integration into the world’s community (co- authorship) 4)Resources (funding, researchers and their demographic profile, salaries) Role of qualitative indicators?

Conclusions Russian R&D complex is mainly government-owned and government- financed. The role of government is increasing The biggest problem is researchers – they leave, they are getting older in average, the “generation gap” is growing Positive developments: support of research in universities; inviting foreign scholars Negative: absence of strategic vision; ill- conceived decisions