Date: December 16 th, 1944 Location: Ardennes Forest Countries: Canada, U.K., U.S. vs. Germany Battle of the Bulge

Situation Hitler had convinced himself that the alliance between the allies in W. Europe was not strong Felt a major attack and defeat by Germany would break up the alliance Therefore, he ordered a massive attack against what were primarily American forces.

How it Got its Name Known as the Ardennes Offensive The initial attack by the Germans created a bulge in the Allied front line, making it more known as the Battle of the Bulge.

Was it a Good Idea? On paper, it was a seemingly absurd plan: –Germany had been in retreat since D-Day – Military was depleted of supplies and was facing the awesome might of the Allies.

The Beginning Began with a two hour bombardment of the Allies lines that was followed by a huge armored offensive The Germans experienced great success to start because –The Allies were surprised by the attack –Before the attack, English speaking German soldiers dressed in American uniforms went behind the lines of the Allies and spread misinformation, changed road signs, cut telephone lines. –Weather in Hitler’s favor: Low cloud and fog meant that the superior air force of the Allies could not be used Ground was hard enough for military vehicles to cross and this suited the armored attack Hitler envisioned

Town of Bastogne while German soldiers had it surrounded

To the U.S.A. Commander of the encircled town of Bastogne. The fortune of war is changing. This time the U.S.A. forces in and near Bastogne have been encircled by strong German armored units. More German armored units have crossed the river Ourthe near Ortheuville, have taken Marche and reached St. Hubert by passing through Hompre-Sibret-Tillet. Libramont is in German hands. There is only one possibility to save the encircled U.S.A troops from total annihilation: that is the honorable surrender of the encircled town. In order to think it over a term of two hours will be granted beginning with the presentation of this note. If this proposal should be rejected one German Artillery Corps and six heavy A. A. Battalions are ready to annihilate the U.S.A. troops in and near Bastogne. The order for firing will be given immediately after this two hours’ term. All the serious civilian losses caused by this artillery fire would not correspond with the wellknown American humanity. The German Commander.

U.S. General Anthony McAuliffe became known as the Battlin' Bastard of Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge, when he and paratroops from his 101st Airborne battalion were trapped in the Belgian town of Bastogne by German troops. They held off the Germans for six days in December of 1944 until General George S. Patton brought in troops to defeat the besiegers.

To the German Commander, N U T S ! The American Commander

A portrait of Lieutenant General George Patton, one of the most aggressive and able generals of World War II. Primarily a tank commander, he is noted for his successes during the invasion of Sicily and the Battle of the Bulge.

It marked the first time the U.S. Army desegregated during WWII. The U.S. military didn’t officially desegregate its ranks until 1948, but the Allies’ desperate situation during the Battle of the Bulge inspired them to turn to African American G.I.s on more than one occasion. Some 2,500 black troops participated in the engagement, with many fighting side by side with their white counterparts. The all black 333rd and 969th Field Artillery Battalions both sustained heavy casualties assisting the 101st Airborne in the defense of Bastogne, and the 969th was later awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation—the first ever presented to a black outfit. Elsewhere on the battlefield, troops from the segregated 578th Field Artillery picked up rifles to support the 106th Golden Lions Division, and an outfit called the 761st “Black Panthers” became the first black tank unit to roll into combat under the command of General George S. Patton. As the battle wore on, Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and John C.H. Lee called on black troops to cover the Allied losses at the front. Several thousand had volunteered by the time the engagement ended.

Lt. Gen. George S. Patton, Jr. pins Silver Star on Ernest A. Jenkins

The Long Battle December 22nd, the weather started to clear, Allies’ air power began counter-attack against the Germans. The Germans had advanced 60 miles in two days but from December 18th on, they were in a position of stalemate. The fighting was ferocious. Weather was cold and rainy. Soldiers on the ground faced very difficult conditions. (Trench foot VERY common) By mid-January 1945, Germany lacked fuel, Germans had to make their way back to Germany on foot.

U.S. soldiers taking defensive positions in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge

A German tank passes columns of American prisoners during the Battle of the Bulge. From captured German film. December 17, 1944.

The Prayer Almighty and most merciful Father, we humbly beseech Thee, of Thy great goodness, to restrain these immoderate rains with which we have had to contend. Grant us fair weather for Battle. Graciously hearken to us as soldiers who call upon Thee that, armed with Thy power, we may advance from victory to victory, and crush the oppression and wickedness of our enemies and establish Thy justice among men and nations. To each officer and soldier in the Third United States Army, I Wish a Merry Christmas. I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty, and skill in battle. We march in our might to complete victory. May God's blessings rest upon each of you on this Christmas Day. G.S. Patton, Jr, Lieutenant General, Commanding, Third United States Army. 250,000 Cards were made and given to every soldier in Patton’s Third Army

Outcome The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle fought by the Americans in World War Two. –600,000 American troops were involved in the battle –American casualties - 81,000 men –German casualties - 100,000 men Could the Germans have won the battle? –Almost Certainly NOT - one huge problem – NO FUEL –Any form of armored attack needed a constant supply of fuel – and Allied bombing of fuel plants in Germany meant that such supplies did not exist. –German Generals even believed this offensive was too ambitious

The Malmedy massacre December 17, 1944 –“With difficulty, he called a ceasefire and the Americans came out of with their hands in the air. The Germans herded them into small groups, taking their rings, watches, cigarettes and especially their gloves.” (Great Battles of Word War II: Battle of the Bulge) –“There were around men, standing in rows 60 feet from the road. Machine guns on both tanks opened fire, massacring the prisoners. The firing lasted 15 minutes, after which SS soldiers walked among the bodies, shooting anyone that moved in the head.”

The bodies of 81 American soldiers killed by Waffen SS troops, Dec. 17, 1944, during the Battle of the Bulge near the Belgian town of Malmedy. (Photo credit: U.S. Army)

Dead German soldiers lay on a snowy battlefield after the Battle of the Bulge. The soldiers attempted to storm the 101st Airborne command post, but were mowed down by machine gun fire.

Wereth Massacre Dec. 17, 1944 Belgium 333 rd Field Artillery Bn. 11 African- American soldiers Murdered by SS soldiers

Outcome: By Mid-January, German troops were withdrawing from the Ardennes Forest Significance: Last HUGE German offensive, showed the Germans were truly defeated.

Human Cost of the Battle An official report by the United States Department of the Army lists some 108,347 casualties including 19,246 KIA, 62,489 WIA and 26,612 POW and MIA The German High Command's official figure for the campaign was 84,834 casualties, and other estimates range between 60,000 and 100,000