important people in the history of the native americans during the 1800s

Alexander McGillivray McGillivray was considered to be a full member of both English and Native American cultures (dual lineage) so he received a traditional English education and, due to his mother’s ancestry, was also a leader in Creek society.

Alexander McGillivray During the American Revolution, Alexander’s father remained loyal to the crown and, as most Creeks, McGillivray fought for England as well. After the war, McGillivray focused on keeping as much Creek land as possible. He signed a treaty with Spain in 1784, which kept Georgia’s land ambitions at bay.

Alexander McGillivray Eventually in 1790, McGillivray signed the Treaty of New York which created a treaty of friendship between the United States and the Creek Nation. The treaty also ceded Creek land to the United States, in return the United States promised to honor the boundaries of the Creeks’ remaining lands. In other words, he gave up Creek land to the US government

William McIntosh William McIntosh also known as Tustunnuggee Hutkee ("White Warrior") Had dual lineage raised among the Creeks, but he spent enough time in Savannah to become fluent in English and to be able to move comfortably within both Indian and white societies

William McIntosh Supported the United States and its efforts to obtain cessions of Creek territory His support alienated him from many Creeks who opposed whites taking Indian land Signed Treaty of Indian Springs, which gave away all Creek lands Creeks killed him bc he signed the treaty, giving away the Creek land without the consent of the Creeks

William McIntosh Just before dawn on April 30, 1825, Upper Creek chief Menawa, accompanied by 200 Creek warriors, attacked McIntosh to carry out the sentence. They set fire to his home, and shot and stabbed to death McIntosh

Alexander McGillivray What role did Alexander McGillivray and William McIntosh play in the removal of Creek Indians in Georgia? William McIntosh Alexander McGillivray Protected Creek lands from white settlers Attacked white settlers during Oconee War. Signed 1790 Treaty of New York. US gov’t promised to protect Creek lands west of Oconee River. Creeks leave lands east of Oconee River, leads to Headright land distribution Supported Georgia and US gov’t to gain land from Creeks Profited from treaties by gaining land for himself Signed the 1825 Treaty of Indian Springs – gave up all of Creek lands without permission of other Creek Chiefs. Was killed by Creek Indians for betraying the Creek Nation Both were bi-racial Creek Indian Chiefs with a European descent father and Creek mother

In 1825 cousins William McIntosh, a Creek leader, and George Troup, the governor of Georgia, signed the Treaty of Indian Springs, which authorized the sale of Creek lands in the state to the federal government. McIntosh was murdered shortly thereafter by angry members of the Creek Nation.

Sequoyah born to a Cherokee mother and white father. His father was said to be a soldier in the Continental army during the Revolution. Sequoyah completely rejected white society and never learned English. However, he was impressed with the way that Whites were able to communicate over long distances

Sequoyah impressed with the way that Whites were able to communicate over long distances created the Cherokee Syllabary (alphabet) traveled throughout the entire Cherokee Nation, including Georgia, to teach and promote the use of the new written language his Syllabary was important in the history of the Cherokee. It was the first time an individual in an illiterate civilization created a written language

Sequoyah

Sequoyah the language was the basis of the Cherokee newspaper, The Cherokee Phoenix creation of a written Constitution Invented Cherokee syllabary (alphabet) which gave Cherokee an argument that they were a civilized nation Cherokee hoped that whites would accept them as civilized and they would be able to remain on their land.

John Ross principal chief of the Cherokee Nation spoke English and practiced many European customs successful business man, who sold goods to the US government Owned a plantation and ferry business. used his wealth and connections to win several governmental positions in the Cherokee Nation

John Ross Supported petition that stated majority of Cherokee were against removal Believed Supreme Court would prevent Cherokee removal from GA Believed that US government would stand behind the US Supreme Court’s decision Ross continued to fight removal until 1838, when he negotiated a deal with the U.S. Government to pay for his moving expenses. However, this still did not completely protect Ross from tragedy on the Trail of Tears.