The producers, Many are firmly rooted to the bottom of the sea…. Plants The producers, Many are firmly rooted to the bottom of the sea…. At mercy of currents, tides, water motion

STRUCTURE Four types of algae Unicellular Colonial Filamentous Multicellular or macrophytic

Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae

Algae a.k.a. seaweed Kingdoms Protista & Chromalveolata

Chlorophyta (green algae) Phaeophyta (brown algae) Algal Taxonomy Eukaryotic Algae single celled or multi-cellular, possess nuclear membrane, aquatic photoautotrophs, classified on chlorophyll, color, cell wall composition, food storage Chlorophyta (green algae) Phaeophyta (brown algae) Rhodophyta (red algae)

Is algae in the kingdom Plantae? A CLASSIFICATION DEBATE RAGES MACROPHYTE ALGAE LARGE PLANTS, WHETHER AQUATIC OR MARINE… Are red and brown algae still classified as protists?

Unicellular algae

IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF ALGAE

Chlorophylls a, b, c, d, e. Each molecule functions at specific wavelengths of light.   2. Carotenes: carotene B- found in all three divisions xanthophylls- 20 different types of pigments and two types: fucoxanthin- found only in phaeophyta lutein- common pigment in all large algae 3. Phycoblins: phycocyanin- blue pigment phycorethrin- pink-red pigment found in rhodophyta and cyanobacteria

Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae

Phylum Chlorophyta –Green Algae Pigments: Chlorophylls a and b, ß-carotene and various xanthophylls Walls of cellulose Food reserves: true starch, fats and oils Eukaryotic algae: membrane-bound organelles Flagella: 2 or 4

Phylum Chlorophyta –Green Algae Distribution and habitats Common in ponds, ditches etc. Attached to rocks or free floating 90% are fresh water species Often in brackish water Shallow, nutrient-rich water Important marine algae in tropics May be symbiotic, lichens (algae + fungus)

Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae Halimeda opuntia Caulerpa sertularioides Codium edule Caulerpa racemosa Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

Chaetomorpha Bryopsi

Chara Volvox colony

Caulerpa

REPRODUCTION MOST REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY Most sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental stress Asexual Reproduction Mitosis Sexual Reproduction Meiosis Zoospores Plus and minus gametes Zygospore

Water Molds

Division Heterokontophyta: Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown Algae Kingdom Chromalveolata Division Heterokontophyta: Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown Algae Many chromalveolates affect our ecosystem in enormous ways. Some of these organisms can be very harmful. Dinoflagellates produce red tides which can devastate fish populations and intoxicate oyster harvests. Apicomplexans are some of the most successful specific parasites to animals. Water molds cause several plant diseases. In fact, it was a water mold, Phytophthora infestans, that caused the Irish potato blight that led to the Great Irish Famine.However, many chromalveolates are vital members of our ecosystem. Diatoms are one of the major photosynthetic producers, and as such produce much of the oxygen we breathe, and also take in much of the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Brown algae, most specifically kelps, create underwater "forest" habitats for many marine creatures, and provide a large portion of the diet of coastal communities.Chromalveolates also provide many products that we use. The algin in brown algae is used as a food thickener, most famously in ice cream. The siliceous shells of diatoms have many uses, such as in reflective paint, in toothpaste, or as a filter, in what is known as diatomaceous earth.

Phylum Phaeophyta 1500 species of Brown algae Mostly marine and include seaweed and kelp All are multicellular and large (often reaching lengths of 147 feet) Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a holdfast, stipe and blade Photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a & c carotenoids xanthophylls (e.g. fucoxanthin) Historically, many chromalveolates were considered plants, because of their cell walls, photosynthetic ability, and in some cases their morphological resemblance to the land plants (Embryophyta). However, when the five-kingdom system took prevalence over the animal–plant dichotomy, most chromalveolates were put into the kingdom Protista, with the water molds and slime nets put into the kingdom Fungi, and the brown algae staying in the plant kingdom.In 2005, in a classification reflecting the consensus at the time, the Chromalveolata were regarded as one of the six major clades of eukaryotes

Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Padina japonica Turbinaria ornata Hydroclathrus clathratus Sargassum polyphyllum Sargassum echinocarpum

Algal macrophyte structure

Brown Algae Macrocystis -- Kelp

Macrocystis -- Kelp

Brown algae Egregia Postelsi Laminaria

Phylum Rhodophyta Photosynthetic Pigments chlorophyll a carotenoids phycobilins Mostly multicellular, marine forms. Abundant in warm, tropical coastal waters. Not all are red in color

Kingdom Protista Phylum Rhodophyta 4000 species of RED Algae Most are marine Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters. Contain chlorophyll a and C as well as phycobilins which are important in absorbing light that can penetrate deep into the water Have cells coated in carageenan which is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules and some cheeses

Phylum Rhodophyta Calcareous algae Coralline algae are red algae in the order Corallinales. They are characterized by a thallus that is hard because of calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls. The colors of these algae are most typically pink, or some other shade of red, but other species can be purple, yellow, blue, white or gray-green. Coralline algae play an important role in the ecology of coral reefs. Sea urchins, parrot fish, limpets (mollusks), and chitons (mollusks), feed on coralline algae. Many are typically encrusting and rock-like, found in marine waters all over the world. Unattached specimens (maerl, rhodoliths) may form relatively smooth compact balls to warty or fruticose thalli.A close look at almost any intertidal rocky shore or coral reef will reveal an abundance of pink to pinkish-grey patches, splashed as though by a mad painter over rock surfaces. These patches of pink "paint" are actually living algae: crustose coralline red algae. The red algae belong to the division Rhodophyta, within which the coralline algae form a distinct, exclusively marine order, the Corallinales. There are over 1600 described species of nongeniculate coralline algae

Phylum Rhodophyta Ahnfeltia concinna Acanthophora spicifera Galaxaura fastigiata Hypnea chordacea Asparagopsis taxiformis

Phylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae

Phylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae Corallin Mazzaella Palmari

Harvesting from the sea

The harvest of seaweed for culinary delights

Food Source in Hawaii 7000 species altogether in world’s oceans 600 different species of algae in Hawaii Limu were important to early Hawaiians More than 70 different kinds were used Eaten fresh used as spices or medicines used in religious ceremonies in Hawaii   Today, many Hawaiian residents still harvest fresh limu for food or buy it at the market. Limu is the Hawaiian word for algae. There are approximately one hundred Hawaiian names for kinds of limu, sixty of which can be matched with scientific

Algal Products Certain alga can be used to make agar or as stabilizer in gelatin and ice cream: Use: sugar, milk, irish moss or euchima, Chondrus, Porphyra and Rhodymenia- blend and boil. Thickener and help smooth these items: Many foods and milk-products Toothpaste Beauty creams Paints Medical products- like bacterial culture plates, time-release pills, and dental impression gels

Phycocolloids Carrageenan from red algae Algin from brown algae

phycocolloids from red and brown algae The cell walls of many seaweeds contain phycocolloids (algal colloids) that can be extracted by hot water. The three major phycocolloids are alginates, agars, and carrageenans. Alginates are extracted primarily from brown seaweeds, and agar and carrageenan are extracted from red seaweeds. These phycocolloids are polymers of chemically modified sugar molecules, such as galactose in agars phycocolloids from red and brown algae