Chapter 5 Marine Prokaryotes, Protists, Fungi and Plants All are primary producers which are capable of using light energy to perform photosynthesis

Kingdom Monera (Bacteria) Prokaryotic, single-celled 3 types of bacteria Heterotrophic Photosynthetic Chemosynthetic

Heterotrophic bacteria Obtain energy from other organisms Decomposers = decay bacteria Recycle essential nutrients

Autotrophic bacteria Make their own organic compounds 1. Photosynthetic 2. Chemosynthetic: release energy from chemical compounds such as H2S & CH4

Cyanobacteria Blue-green algae, primitive plant-like bacteria Phylum Cyanobacteria First photosynthetic organisms on earth

Stromatolites Calcareous (fossil) mounds formed by blue-green algae 3 b.y.a.

Red tides Some are caused by cyanobacteria Cause rashes on swimmers

Kingdom Protista Algae - aquatic, photosynthetic organisms Eukaryotic Single and multi-cellular

Diatoms Kingdom Protista Phylum Chrysophyta Unicellular Silica (glass) cell walls Important Primary producers Diatomaceous earth : Filters for swimming pools Temperature and sound insulators Abrasives (toothpaste)

Blooms Period of rapid diatom or dinoflagellate reproduction

Dinoflagellates Kingdom Protista Phylum Pyrrophyta Planktonic, unicellular Almost all are marine Red tides Release toxins - (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) that are concentrated by shellfish Bioluminescence - Noctiluca

Zooxanthellae Dinoflagellate that lives in the tissue of marine animals such as corals, clams, etc. When Zooxanthellae leave the corals, they turn white = Coral Bleaching

Protozoans Simple, animal-like protists Foraminiferans Simple, animal-like protists Ingest food and are photosynthetic Single-celled Foraminiferans - have a shell or “test” of CaCO3 Radiolarians - secrete shells of silica Radiolarians

Kingdom Fungi Multicellular eukaryotic 500 marine species Decompose dead organic matter

Kingdom Plantae Seaweeds (Macroalgae) Challenges to Seaweeds All eukaryotic Lack true stems, leaves and roots Most are multicellular Challenges to Seaweeds Wave action and turbulence Competition for light and space Predators

Structure of Seaweed Thallus – complete plant Blades - leaf-like portion Pneumatocysts - gas filled bladders (filled w/CO2) Holdfast - root-like structure (anchors)holds on to bottom Stipe – stem

Phylum Chlorophyta (Green algae) Mostly freshwater and terrestrial 10% of species are marine Ulva

Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) Almost all species are marine Sargassum (Sargasso seaweed) Macrocystis (Giant Kelp) plants grow up to 300 ft can grow 20”/day form kelp beds or kelp forests Harvested for Algin (used in cosmetics and ice cream).

Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae) Highest commercial value Fertilizer and animal feed Agar and carrageenan: gelling and thickening agents Coralline algae: have calcium carbonate in cell walls. Species: Nori (Porphyra), Irish Moss