The Urinary System Maintenance Systems Unit 5

Basic Functions of the Urinary System Regulates the composition and volume of the blood by removing and restoring selected amounts of water and solutes.Regulates the composition and volume of the blood by removing and restoring selected amounts of water and solutes. Eliminates water, nitrogenous wastes from the breakdown of protein, inorganic salts, and assists in eliminating heat and carbon dioxide.Eliminates water, nitrogenous wastes from the breakdown of protein, inorganic salts, and assists in eliminating heat and carbon dioxide.

The Organs of the Urinary System Kidneys (2)Kidneys (2) Ureters (2)Ureters (2) BladderBladder UrethraUrethra

Kidneys The kidneys are paired organs found laterally to the spinal canal in the upper left and right quadrants.The kidneys are paired organs found laterally to the spinal canal in the upper left and right quadrants. Their main function is to produce urine.Their main function is to produce urine.

Kidney Anatomy

Renal Capsule- outside covering of the kidneyRenal Capsule- outside covering of the kidney Cortex- lighter colored outer regionCortex- lighter colored outer region Medulla- darker, reddish-brown inner regionMedulla- darker, reddish-brown inner region Pyramids- direct urine formation towards renal pelvisPyramids- direct urine formation towards renal pelvis Renal Pelvis- flat funnel-shaped cavity that collects urineRenal Pelvis- flat funnel-shaped cavity that collects urine

Nephron The functional unit of the kidneyThe functional unit of the kidney –A. Glomerulus –B. Proximal Convoluting Tubule –C. Loop of Henle descending limb –D. Loop of Henle ascending limb –E. Distal Convoluting Tubule –F. collecting duct

Nephron

The Ureters The ureters are long, slender tubes which extend from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.The ureters are long, slender tubes which extend from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Their main function is to transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.Their main function is to transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

The Urinary Bladder A sac-like structure found in the pelvic cavity.A sac-like structure found in the pelvic cavity. Its main function is to hold urine.Its main function is to hold urine.

The Urethra A small tube (about 2 inches in the female and 8 inches in males) which transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.A small tube (about 2 inches in the female and 8 inches in males) which transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System

Kidney Stones Kidney stones are hard masses developed from crystals that separate from the urine within the urinary tract.Kidney stones are hard masses developed from crystals that separate from the urine within the urinary tract. Usually, the first symptom of a kidney stone is extreme pain, which begins suddenly when a stone moves in the urinary tract and blocks the flow of urine.Usually, the first symptom of a kidney stone is extreme pain, which begins suddenly when a stone moves in the urinary tract and blocks the flow of urine.

Kidney Stones continued Typically, a person feels a sharp, cramping pain in the back and side in the area of the kidney or in the lower abdomen. Sometimes nausea and vomiting occur.Typically, a person feels a sharp, cramping pain in the back and side in the area of the kidney or in the lower abdomen. Sometimes nausea and vomiting occur. Later, pain may spread to the groin. Predisposing factors for kidney stones include dehydration, infection, obstruction, and genetics.Later, pain may spread to the groin. Predisposing factors for kidney stones include dehydration, infection, obstruction, and genetics. Treatment includes medication to relieve the pain, forcing fluids, and sometimes surgical intervention such as lithotripsy.Treatment includes medication to relieve the pain, forcing fluids, and sometimes surgical intervention such as lithotripsy.

Kidney Failure Kidney failure is the loss of the kidney’s ability to perform their main function — eliminate excess fluid and waste material from the blood.Kidney failure is the loss of the kidney’s ability to perform their main function — eliminate excess fluid and waste material from the blood. When the kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of fluid and waste accumulate in the body.When the kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of fluid and waste accumulate in the body. Signs and symptoms include decreased urine output, fluid retention, drowsiness, shortness of breath, fatigue, confusion, seizures or coma in severe cases.Signs and symptoms include decreased urine output, fluid retention, drowsiness, shortness of breath, fatigue, confusion, seizures or coma in severe cases. Treatment includes a modified diet, IV fluids, and dialysis until kidney function returns to normal.Treatment includes a modified diet, IV fluids, and dialysis until kidney function returns to normal.

Cystitis Cystitis is the inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by bacteria.Cystitis is the inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by bacteria. It is more common in women.It is more common in women. Signs and symptoms of cystitis include urgency, frequency, burning upon urination, dysuria, and possible urethral discharge.Signs and symptoms of cystitis include urgency, frequency, burning upon urination, dysuria, and possible urethral discharge. It is treated with antibiotics.It is treated with antibiotics.

Careers UrologistUrologist Dialysis TechnicianDialysis Technician Medical Lab TechnicianMedical Lab Technician Medical AssistantMedical Assistant

Careers UrologistUrologist Urologists are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with urological disorders. The organs an urologist treats include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. In males an urologist may also treat conditions of the reproductive organsUrologists are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with urological disorders. The organs an urologist treats include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. In males an urologist may also treat conditions of the reproductive organs Disorders they treatDisorders they treat –Incontinence, hematuria, cystitis, UTI, infertility (male), cancer, prostate disorders, kidney stones, diabetes, kidney disease and failure, sexual function Must complete medical school + residency and specialize in internal medicine- Urology (15 years)Must complete medical school + residency and specialize in internal medicine- Urology (15 years) $166, ,000 – Urology surgeons make the upper end$166, ,000 – Urology surgeons make the upper end

Dialysis Technician Operate dialysis machines which remove waste and excess fluids from the blood of patients whose kidneys can no longer carry out those functions.Operate dialysis machines which remove waste and excess fluids from the blood of patients whose kidneys can no longer carry out those functions. Prepare patients for dialysis- patient history, vitals, warning signs of complicationsPrepare patients for dialysis- patient history, vitals, warning signs of complications Complete certificate programComplete certificate program –Community or vocational college or on the job training –Venipuncture, local anesthesia administration –Work in hospitals and dialysis clinics $15/hour = $30,000/year$15/hour = $30,000/year

Medical Lab Technician Works under the supervision of a medical technologist or physician to perform tests on tissues, blood and other body fluids to help physicians diagnose and treat disease and disorders.Works under the supervision of a medical technologist or physician to perform tests on tissues, blood and other body fluids to help physicians diagnose and treat disease and disorders. Associates degreeAssociates degree $35,000$35,000 Can continue education and complete Bachelors degree and become Medical Lab ScientistCan continue education and complete Bachelors degree and become Medical Lab Scientist $50,000+$50,000+

Medical Assistants Perform many administrative duties as well as clinical dutiesPerform many administrative duties as well as clinical duties Take medical histories and record vital signs, explain treatment procedures to patients, prepare patients for examination, and assisting the physician during the examinationTake medical histories and record vital signs, explain treatment procedures to patients, prepare patients for examination, and assisting the physician during the examination Collect and prepare laboratory specimens or perform basic laboratory tests on the premises, dispose of contaminated supplies, and sterilize medical instrumentsCollect and prepare laboratory specimens or perform basic laboratory tests on the premises, dispose of contaminated supplies, and sterilize medical instruments Arrange examining room instruments and equipment, purchase and maintain supplies and equipment, and keep waiting and examining rooms neat and cleanArrange examining room instruments and equipment, purchase and maintain supplies and equipment, and keep waiting and examining rooms neat and clean Complete Medical Assistant program at vocational or community college that last 1-2 yearsComplete Medical Assistant program at vocational or community college that last 1-2 years Work in Clinics and Doctor officesWork in Clinics and Doctor offices Salary ranges from 20,000-30,000/year ($10-15/hour)Salary ranges from 20,000-30,000/year ($10-15/hour)

Word Parts/ Abbreviations Cyst/o- urinary bladder or cystCyst/o- urinary bladder or cyst Ren/o- kidneyRen/o- kidney Ur/o- urineUr/o- urine Retro- backward, back, behindRetro- backward, back, behind Trans- across, over, beyond, throughTrans- across, over, beyond, through -ectomy – surgical removal-ectomy – surgical removal PCT- proximal convoluted tubulePCT- proximal convoluted tubule DCT- distal convoluted tubuleDCT- distal convoluted tubule

Vocabulary Renal- pertaining to the kidneyRenal- pertaining to the kidney Cortex- the outer layer of an organCortex- the outer layer of an organ Medulla- inner or central portion of an organMedulla- inner or central portion of an organ Glomerulus- a twisted group of capillaries where filtration beginsGlomerulus- a twisted group of capillaries where filtration begins Bowman’s capsule- covering around glomerulus where filtration occursBowman’s capsule- covering around glomerulus where filtration occurs Collecting duct- final tube in the formation of urineCollecting duct- final tube in the formation of urine

Vocabulary Dialysis- process of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane to remove toxins and wasteDialysis- process of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane to remove toxins and waste Dysuria- painful or difficult urinationDysuria- painful or difficult urination Lithotripsy- use of sound waves to crush renal stonesLithotripsy- use of sound waves to crush renal stones Nephron- functional unit of the kidneyNephron- functional unit of the kidney

Vocabulary Loop of Henle- U shaped portion of the renal tubulesLoop of Henle- U shaped portion of the renal tubules Benign- not recurrent or progressive, non cancerousBenign- not recurrent or progressive, non cancerous Malignant- growing worse, resistant to treatment, cancerousMalignant- growing worse, resistant to treatment, cancerous Metastasis- movement of cells from one body part to anotherMetastasis- movement of cells from one body part to another