Financial and Managerial Accounting Wild, Shaw, and Chiappetta Fifth Edition Wild, Shaw, and Chiappetta Fifth Edition Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Chapter 16 Process Costing and Analysis 16-2

Conceptual Learning Objectives C1: Explain process operations and the way they differ from job order operations. C2: Define and compute equivalent units and explain their use in process cost accounting. C3: Describe accounting for production activity and preparation of a process cost summary using weighted average. C4: Appendix: 16A Describe accounting for production activity and preparation of a process cost summary using FIFO. 16-3

A1: Compare process cost accounting and job order cost accounting. A2: Explain and illustrate a hybrid costing system. Analytical Learning Objectives 16-4

P1: Record the flow of direct materials costs in process cost accounting. P2: Record the flow of direct labor costs in process cost accounting. P3: Record the flow of factory overhead costs in process cost accounting. P4: Record the transfer of completed goods to Finished Goods Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold. Procedural Learning Objectives 16-5

Used for production of identical, low-cost items. Mass produced in automated continuous production process. Costs cannot be directly traced to each unit of product. Used for production of identical, low-cost items. Mass produced in automated continuous production process. Costs cannot be directly traced to each unit of product. Process Manufacturing Operations C1 16-6

Job Order Operations Custom orders Heterogeneous products Low production volume High product flexibility Low to medium standardization Job Order Operations Custom orders Heterogeneous products Low production volume High product flexibility Low to medium standardization Process Operations Repetitive operations Homogeneous products High production volume Low product flexibility High standardization Process Operations Repetitive operations Homogeneous products High production volume Low product flexibility High standardization Comparing Job Order and Process Operations A1 16-7

Same objective: to determine the cost of products Same inventory accounts: raw materials, work in process, and finished goods Same overhead assignment method: predetermined rate times actual activity Job and Process Costing Similarities A1 16-8

Job and Process Costing Similarities and Differences A1 Journal entries for both job order and process costing are identical The difference between job order and process costing lies in how the cost of goods transferred to finished goods is determined. 16-9

A1 Job Order and Process Costing Differences Job order costing The cost of goods transferred to finished goods is equal to the sum of all of the completed jobs for that period Process costing The cost of goods transferred to finished goods equals the number of completed units times the cost per equivalent unit 16-10

Equivalent units is a concept expressing a number of partially completed units as a smaller number of fully completed units. Two one-half full pitchers are equivalent to one full pitcher. + = Equivalent Units of Production C

GenX uses a weighted average cost flow system with the following steps:  Determine the physical flow of units.  Compute equivalent units of production.  Compute the cost per equivalent unit.  Assign and reconcile costs. GenX uses a weighted average cost flow system with the following steps:  Determine the physical flow of units.  Compute equivalent units of production.  Compute the cost per equivalent unit.  Assign and reconcile costs. Accounting for GenX C

Process Cost Summary Helps managers control their departments. Provides cost information for financial statements. Shows the flow of units and costs through work in process. Helps factory managers evaluate department manager performance. C

Hybrid costing systems contain features of both job order and process operations. Job Order Costing Process Costing Hybrid Costing Material costs are accounted for using a job order system. Conversion costs are accounted for using a process system. Hybrid Costing Systems A

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