The Cardiovascular Exam in Infants and Children
Heart Rate Most labile of the vital signs Wide variations are normal Sensitive to multiple stimuli
Blood Pressure Blood pressure increases with age Use appropriate cuff Repeat if abnormal
Respiratory Rate Sensitive but non- specific for CHF Most reliable while asleep Minimal dyspnea with heart failure
Inspection Growth (linear growth is spared) Color (cyanosis, pallor) Respiratory effort Precordial bulge Apical impulse
Palpation Pulses (upper and lower) Precordial activity Thrills Liver edge Perfusion Skin temperature
Pulses
Auscultation Use your own stethoscope Insist on quiet surroundings Be methodical Be patient Come back and listen again Don’t get discouraged
Heart Sounds S1- closure of AV valves Increased in ASDs Obscured by holosystolic murmurs Variable in complete heart block
Heart Sounds S2- closure of semilunar valves Increased P2 if increased pulmonary artery pressure Fixed splitting in ASDs
Heart Sounds S3- rapid filling of ventricles Normal sound in children Usually in ages 3 to 16
Heart Sounds S4- atrial contraction Uncommon in children, even in CHF Usually indicates a cardiomyopthy
Ejection Clicks Early systolic, high frequency sounds Occur shortly after S1 Signify semilunar stenosis Variable (louder on expiration) if pulmonary Constant (don’t vary with respiration) if aortic
Holosystolic Murmurs Begin with or obliterate the first heart sound Typical examples are VSD and MR
Murmurs
Systolic Ejection Murmurs Most common of all murmurs Begin after S1 Originate in outflow tracts
Decrescendo Diastolic Loudest in early diastole High pitch typical of aortic regurgitation Low pitch typical of pulmonary regurgitation
Diastolic Rumble Usually increased flow across a normal mitral or tricuspid valve Very low frequency and intensity Generally the result of VSDs and ASDs
Continuous Murmurs Any murmur which continues through S2 Vascular in origin Patent ductus arteriosus and venous hum are the most common source
Characteristics of Murmurs Loudness (Grade 1 to 6) Location Radiation Changes with respiration, position, valsalva Pitch or frequency Length
Radiation of Murmurs Aortic -RUSB to neck Pulm-LUSB to lungs VSD-LLSB MR-Apex to axilla Ao Pa VSD MR M
Innocent Murmurs Grade I-II/VI (rarely III/VI) Systolic (except venous hum) Often vibratory Change with respiration and position Short Unassociated with abnormal heart sounds Characteristic age 3 to 12 years
Congestive Heart Failure IS Tachypnea Tachycardia Hepatomegaly Cardiomegaly IS NOT Rales Peripheral edema Gallops Venous distension