Regulation of Virulence Genes Salyers & Whitt: Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach ASM Press, 1994 Dorman, C.J: Genetics of Bacterial Virulence. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994
Virulence Factors Invasion Penetration Protection Nutrition Dissemination
Overview Gene Regulation Genetic Organization In Vitro Methods for Studying Virulence Factors Protein Secretion
Environmental Pressures Influencing Virulence Factor Production Osmolarity O 2 Concentration CO 2 Concentration pH O 2 and N intermediates Lack of nutrients Inorganic ion concentrations
Environmental Modulation vs Phase Variation Antigenic Variation
CHANGE IN DNA SEQUENCE Gene AmplificationGene Rearrangement CHANGE IN NUMBER OF TRANSCRIPTS ActivatorsRepressors CHANGE IN AMOUNT OF ACTIVE GENE PRODUCT Covalent Modification Proteolytic Cleavage Binding to Host Cell Proteins
Genetic Variation in Pathogenic Bacteria Homologous Recombination Slip Strand Mispairing Opa – N. gonorrhoeae – CTCTT LPS – H. influenzae – CAAT Pilin – H. Influenzae – TA Site-specific Recombination Gene Inversion Flagellin - S. typhimurium
Phase Variation I: Gene Inversion
Stages in interaction of N. gonorrhoeae with cultured mammalian cells
pilE Antigenic Variation
Phase Variation II: Slipped Strand Mispairing
Transcriptional Regulation Fur repressor (ferric uptake repression) AraC transcriptional activator family LysR transcriptional activator family Two-Component Regulatory Systems
Ara C Family
LysR Transcriptional Activator Family
Membrane Signal Transduction
Genetic Organization of Virulence Factors: Sources Plasmid transformation (horizontal gene transfer) e.g Shigella flexneri, Salmonella spp, Yersinia spp, Clostridium tetani. Phage lysogeny e.g C. botulinus toxins, S. pyogenes, C. diphtheria toxin, Cholera toxin Pathogenicity Islands Transposons Integrons
Pathogenicity Islands Carriage of many virulence genes Association with pathogenic species Different GC content compared to rest of host genome Association with tRNA genes and/or insertion sequence elements, suggesting phage origin. Presence of transposable elements Instability