Radioactivity
Unstable Some nuclei are unstable and give off radiation. Radioactivity - Bequerel 1896Radioactivity - Bequerel 1896 Three types observed: alpha, beta, gammaThree types observed: alpha, beta, gamma
Alpha Particles Alpha particles are 4 He nuclei. Mass approximately 4 uMass approximately 4 u Charge is +2Charge is +2 Generally from the decay of heavy nucleiGenerally from the decay of heavy nuclei The energy of the alpha particle is due to the mass difference of the daughter nuclei. Alpha decay produces an alpha particle. Includes excess energy
Radon Decay Radon 222 decays into polonium by alpha decay. Find the energy released. The parent nucleus is 222 Rn. Get the reaction equation. Look up mass energies The energy released is Q = M Rn222 M Po218 M He4 Q = MeV Most of the energy will go to the alpha.
Beta Particles Electron decay Nucleus emits an electron and antineutrinoNucleus emits an electron and antineutrino Atomic number increasesAtomic number increases Energy goes to e andEnergy goes to e and Some decays include a photon as wellSome decays include a photon as well Positron decay Nucleus emits a positron and a neutrino Atomic number decreases Kinematics like electron decay Same result as electron capture – no beta out
Neutrinos Neutrinos are leptons Neutral partners of e, , Neutral partners of e, , Very light massVery light mass Stable particlesStable particles Produced with lepton partner. Neutrinos rarely interact with matter. Difficult to measureDifficult to measure Electron neutrino, e Mass < 2.8 eV Muon neutrino, Mass < 0.19 MeV m 2 = eV 2 (m < 3.5 eV) Tau neutrino, Mass < 18.2 MeV
Gamma Particles Nuclei can decay by emitting a gamma ray. High energy photon Nuclear energy levels are like atomic levels.
Excited States Nuclear decay can leave a nucleus in an excited state. Many possible states may be reachedMany possible states may be reached Lifetime typically sLifetime typically s Excess energy may be lost as a photon or electron. Single gammaSingle gamma Series of gamma emissionsSeries of gamma emissions Internal conversion betaInternal conversion beta MeV MeV 0 MeV 94.4% 5.5% 2.2% 3.3%
Decay Products next