Pronouns vs. demonstratives: Feature Economy Elly van Gelderen LASSO, Las Cruces 9 October 2010

Aims To examine the distribution of pronouns and demonstratives in Old English (but relevant in other languages too). To explain this in terms of the child interpreting input in a particular way through Feature Economy To examine internal and external factors of linguistic change and their interaction

Why is change interesting? If these are real patterns of change, then they give insight in the Faculty of Language Factors: 1.Genetic endowment 2.Experience 3.Principles not specific to language

Three factors, e.g. Chomsky 2007 (1) genetic endowment, which sets limits on the attainable languages, thereby making language acquisition possible; (2) external data, converted to the experience that selects one or another language within a narrow range; (3) principles not specific to [the Faculty of Language]. Some of the third factor principles have the flavor of the constraints that enter into all facets of growth and evolution, [...] Among these are principles of efficient computation"

Economy Locality = Minimize computational burden (Ross 1967; Chomsky 1973) Use a head = Minimize Structure (Head Preference Principle, van Gelderen 2004) Late Merge = Minimize computational burden (van Gelderen 2004, and others)

Internal Grammar

Language Change = Cycles are the result of reanalysis by the language learner who apply Economy Principles. I argue that the real sources of change are internal principles.

Cues and Inertia This is very different from models such as Lightfoot's and Westergaard’s that examine how much input a child needs to reset a parameter. According to Lightfoot, "children scan their linguistic environment for structural cues" (2006: 32); for these, change comes from the outside. And from Keenan’s (1996; 2002) Inertia.

If there are Economy Principles, they should be visible in Lg Change Two main patterns (van Gelderen 2004 etc): a)Phrase to Head b)Up the tree: both phrases and heads Principles: acquisition and derivation

What: (a) Phrase (Specifier) > Head Full pronoun to agreement Demonstrative that to complementizer Demonstrative pronoun to article Negative adverb phrase to negation marker Adverb phrase to aspect marker Adverb phrase to complementizer

and (b) higher in the tree On, from P to ASP (I am on going) VP Adverbials > TP/CP Adverbials Like, from P > C (like I said) Negative objects to negative markers Modals: v > ASP > T Negative verbs to auxiliaries To: P > ASP > M > C PP > C (for something to happen)

Reanalysis of `how’: (1) How would you like to go to the game? `Would you like to go to the game?’ (2) Dwyer told the players how he wanted to win ‘D. told the players that he wanted to win.’ (from the BNC as given by Willis 2007: 434)

And possibly in:

How/why: Cognitive Economy (or UG) principles help the learner, e.g: Phrase > head (minimize structure) Avoid too much movement (1)XP SpecX' XYP Y…

Computational - Lexical Structural Economy is computational If all variation is in the lexicon, is there also `help’ for the learner there? Yes, Feature Economy: if you have a LI with i-F, use it with u-F as well.

Minimalist features The interpretable ones are relevant at the Conceptual-Intentional interface. Uninterpretable ones act as `glue’ so to speak to help out merge. For instance, person and number features (=phi-features) are interpretable on nouns but not on verbs.

Pronouns/Agreement EnglishIFrenchje i-phiu-phi (=i-ps)(=u-ps) s/heil/ellei-phi (=i-deictic)

What are some of the features? TP T' TvP [u-phi] DPv' [NOM]She vVP [u-Case] saw [i-phi] [u-phi] DPV’ [ACC] bearsV [u-Case] [i-phi] Semantic, interpretable, and uninterpretable

The Subject Cycle (1) demonstrative > third person pron > clitic > agreement (2) oblique > emphatic > first/second pron > clitic > agreement

Why? emphatic/ demonstrative > personal > agreement [i-phi][i-phi] [u-phi] [i-deixis][u-Case] illeilil+V

Standard to Colloquial French (a) Modification, (b) coordination, (c) position, (d) doubling, (e) loss of V-movement, (f) Code switching (1)et c'est elle qui a eu la place. and it was her who has had the place (2)*Je et tu... (3)*je lis et ecris (4)Moi, j’ai pas vu ça. (5)Et toi, tu aimes le rap? (6) on voit que lui il n'apprécie pas tellement la politique one sees that him he not-appreciates not so the politics (LTSN corpus, p )

More doubling, loss of V-movement and code switching (1)une omelette elle est comme ça Swiss an omelette she is like this (2)tuvasoùColloquial French 2Sgowhere (3)nta tu vas travaillerArabic-French you you go work (from Bentahila and Davies 1983: 313).

Why does `person’ start the cycle? Definiteness Hierarchy 1/2 > 3 > definite > indefinite/quantifier Another instance: Mexican Spanish, overt Subject:1sg24.4% 2sg12.5% 3sg8.2% (Lopez, 2007) Poletto (2000): SCL replaces features on a verb; different positions.

Feature Economy Minimize the interpretable features in the derivation, e.g: (1) AdjunctSpecifierHeadaffix semantic>[iF]>[uF] (2)emphatic > full pronoun > head > agreement [i-phi][i-phi][u-1/2] [i-3][u-phi] Chomsky (1995: 230; 381) "formal features have semantic correlates and reflect semantic properties (accusative Case and transitivity, for example)." This makes sense if a language learner uses the semantic features in the derivation, these features turning into interpretable ones so to speak.

Feature Economy: select minimum from the lexicon LocativeSpecifierHead affix semantic>[iF]>[uF]>-- Head>(higher) Head>0 [iF] / [uF][uF] uF is a Probe

Back to English: features of DP (1)a.*That the dog loves their the toys. b.I saw that. c.*I saw the. (2)DPDP thatD’DNP [i-loc] DNPthe3S [i-ps]3S[u-phi]

History: Dem > Article (1) hu ða æþelingas ellen fremedon how those noblescourage did 'how the nobles performed heroic acts' (Beowulf 3) (2) se wæs Wine haten & se wæs in Gallia rice gehalgod. he was wine called and he was in Gaul consecrated (3)Hi habbað mid him awyriedne engel, mancynnes feond, and se hæfð andweald... They have with them corrupt angel, mankind’s enemy, and he [the angel] has power over... (Ælfric, Homilies ii )

(1) gife to … þa munecas of þe mynstre give to … the monks of the abbey (Peterborough Chron 1150) (2) *the (Wood 2003: 69) (3) Morret's brother came out of Scoteland for th'acceptacion of the peax (The Diary of Edward VI, 1550s) (4) Oh they used to be ever so funny houses you know and in them days … They used to have big windows, but they used to a all be them there little tiny ones like that. (BNC - FYD 72)

OE pronouns and demonstratives He, heo, hit, hi-se, seo, etc. non-deicticdeictic reflexiverelative clause

So 1200: a reanalysis (1) & gaddresst swa þe clene corn All fra þe chaff togeddre `and so you gather the clear wheat from the chaff.’ (Ormulum , Holt edition) (2)3ho wass … Elysabæþ 3ehatenn `She was called Elisabeth.’ (Ormulum 115) (3) & swa þe33 leddenn heore lif Till þatt te33 wærenn alde `and so they led their lives until they were old.’ (Ormulum 125-6) (4) þin forrme win iss swiþe god, þin lattre win iss bettre. `Your earlier wine is very good, your later wine is better.’ (Ormulum 15409)

InternalExternal se -->the seo --> she that --> thathi --> they him/her --> him/herself (3ps no longer only topic switch) a.se>the [i-loc]/[i-phi][u-T]/[u-ps] b.he/hiis replaced byhe heo/hais replaced by she (possibly via seo) hi/hieis replaced bythey [i-phi][i-phi]/[i-loc]

Demonstrative [i-phi] [i-loc] articlepronoun [u-phi][i-phi] [u-T]

Conclusions If change is in similar directions: window on the Language Faculty Economy Principles = Third factor Children use these to analyze their input + there is language change if accepted. Change is from the inside, now feature Economy, earlier HPP and LMP Two changes looked at: French agreement and English pronouns

A possible Feature Macro-Parameter Phi-features `Case' (for head-marking)(for dependent-marking) yesnoyesno JapaneseJapaneseNavajo u-Fi-FEnglish EnglishNavajo Phi-Tno EnglishBantu(EvG to appear)

Some References Chomsky, Noam Approaching UG from below, in Uli Sauerland et al. (eds), Interfaces + Recursion = Language, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Gardiner, Alan H The word... Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 41: Gelderen, Elly van Grammaticalization as Economy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Gelderen, Elly van to appear. The Linguistic Cycle. OUP. Givón, Talmy Historical syntax and synchronic morphology. Chicago Linguistic Society Proceedings 7: Hodge, Carleton The Linguistic Cycle. Linguistic Sciences Vitral, Lorenso & Jânia Ramos Gramaticalização: uma abordagem formal. Rio de Janeiro: Tempo Brasileiro.