Neutrino emission =0.27 MeV E=0.39,0.86 MeV =6.74 MeV ppI loss: ~2% ppII loss: 4% note: /Q= 0.27/26.73 = 1% ppIII loss: 28% Total loss: 2.3%

2 neutrino energies from 7Be electron capture ? 7 Be + e -  7 Li +  E E

Continuous fluxes in /cm 2 /s/MeV Discrete fluxes in /cm 2 /s

Every second, 10 Bio solar n e neutrinos pass through your thumbnail ! Neutrino Astronomy But hard to detect (they pass through 1e33 g solar material largely undisturbed !) Photons emitted from sun are not the photons created by nuclear reactions (heat is transported by absorption and emission of photons plus convection to the surface over timescales of ~100,000 years) But neutrinos escape !

First experimental detection of solar neutrinos: 1964 John Bahcall and Ray Davis have the idea to detect solar neutrinos using the reaction: 1967 Homestake experiment starts taking data 100,000 Gallons of cleaning fluid in a tank 4850 feet underground 37 Ar extracted chemically every few months (single atoms !) and decay counted in counting station (35 days half-life) event rate: ~1 neutrino capture per day ! 1968 First results: only 34% of predicted neutrino flux ! solar neutrino problem is born - for next 20 years no other detector ! Neutrino production in solar core ~ T 25 nuclear energy source of sun directly and unambiguously confirmed solar models precise enough so that deficit points to serious problem

"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos" Raymond Davis Jr.Masatoshi Koshiba ½ Nobel Price 2002

Water Cerenkov detector: high energy (compared to rest mass) - produces cerenkov radiation when traveling in water (can get direction) x x ee ee Z neutral current (NC) ee e ee e charged current (CC) WW Are the neutrinos really coming from the sun ? Super-Kamiokande Detector

Neutrino image of the sun by Super-Kamiokande – next step in neutrino astronomy “Instantaneous” picture of sun’s central activity (photons take ~100,000 years to surface) Astronomy Picture of the Day June 5, 1998

many more experiments over the years with very different energy thresholds: e only all flavors, but all show deficit to standard solar model    only 16% of e cross section because no CC, only NC

The solution: neutrino oscillations Neutrinos can change flavor while travelling from center of the sun to earth enhanced by matter in sun - MSW effect The arguments: 1. SNO solar neutrino experiment – measure NC and CC separately ! uses three reactions in heavy water: (Cerenkov) (n-capture by 35 Cl - g scatter - Cerenkov) (Cerenkov) CC NC ES key: NC independent of flavor - should always equal solar model prediction if oscillations explain the solar neutrino problem Difference between CC and ES indicates additional flavors present

Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Puzzle solved … With SNO results:  BUT: SNO and Super K see only 8 B s  need to know precisely the 0.02% 7 Be(p,  ) branch and therefore the 7 Be(p,  ) rate to calculate expected rate !

2. Indication for neutrino oscillations in three other experiments: 1998 Super Kamiokande reports evidence for  -->  oscillations for neutrinos created by cosmic ray interaction with the atmosphere 2003 KamLAND reports evidence for disappearance of electron anti neutrinos from reactors 3.There is a (single) solution for oscillation parameters that is consistent with all solar neutrino experiments and the new KamLAND results more arguments for neutrino oscillation solution: KamLAND: Reactor prouduces from beta decay of radioactive material in core: Detection in liquid scintillator tank in Kamiokande mine ~180 km away check whether neutrinos disappear 2003 K2K reports evidence for disappearance of muon neutrinos in Super K produced at KEK proton synchrotron 250 km away confirming  -->  oscillation parameters needed to explain atmospheric neutrinos.

K. Eguchi, PRL 90 (2003) dashed: Best fit: LMA sin 2 2  =0.833,  m 2 =5.5e-5 eV 2 shaded: 95% CL LMA from solar neutrino data 2003 Results:

 Consistent solution for n mixing from solar neutrino detectors and KamLAND Again: Solar contours depend on 7 Be(p,  ) reaction rate !!!

Absolute Mass Limits: e: t-endpoint: m n e < ~4 eV 1987A arrival time vs. energy: m e < 11 eV  : p +  m + n m at PSI: m  < 170 keV  : m  < 23 MeV BUT: Cosmology: Sum of masses of all ’s < 0.71 eV with  m 2 ’s: heaviest eV – 0.23 eV but 2 hirarchies possible: Summary of some neutrino properties