How do black smokers work? Let’s take a look at this animation… ions/blacksmokers/animation.html#animatio nhttp:// ions/blacksmokers/animation.html#animatio n Another webpage about black smokers ml/sidebar2.html

Spreading centers and magnetic reversals _viewer.php?oid=1683http:// _viewer.php?oid=1683

Plate boundaries, polar shifts, transform faults and so much more! o/animations/ch2.htmhttp:// o/animations/ch2.htm

History of the Universe, Solar System, and Planets

Jacopo Tintoretto's "The Origin of the Milky Way"

Structure of the Universe Earth is one of nine planets in solar system Our sun is a star Stars cluster to form galaxies Our sun is one of over 300 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy Milky Way is one of 100 billion galaxies in the visible Universe Most galaxies look like stars to us.

All cultures have creation myths

Origin of Earth and the universe Judeo-Christian tradition God created the Heavens and Earth God created light, oceans, land, plants, animals, humans

Origin of Earth and the universe Inca The Earth was dark, the God Con Tiqui emerged out of a lake bringing first humans with him. He made the sun, moon, stars He made more humans out of large rocks Humans weren’t grateful enough, Con Tiqui punished them with drought Another God drove out Con Tiqui, turned his people into monkeys, made our ancestors

Origin of the Universe The Scientific community –The Big Bang Theory

Big Bang Theory All matter in small point with no volume No matter, only energy The point exploded 15 billion years ago

Big Bang Theory ~one ten-thousandth of a second later: –universe cooled to ~5 billion degrees –Protons and neutrons form Atoms form ~half a billion years later 10 billion years for planets to form

Big Bang Theory 1 million years after Big Bang Universe was hot cloud 98% hydrogen and 2% helium Today: 98% hydrogen AND helium, 2% other elements

Evidence of Big Bang Theory The universe is expanding (red shift or blue shift– based on Doppler premise) Background radiation in universe

Solar Nebula theory Origin of our solar system Material in galaxy condensed, collapsed Cloud is solar nebula Cloud flattened, started rotating; rotated faster and faster as material contracted Material segregated into rings, which turned into planets

Solar Nebula theory 90% of mass in middle Cloud cools, condenses Gases, liquids, solid form planetesimals Planetesimals grow into planets

Our solar system Material in center of nebula condenses, collapses, heats to few million degrees Forms our sun

Our solar system Terrestrial planets Jovian planets

Planets of our solar system Inner planets: small, rocky Outer planets: large, gaseous Pluto is transitional : small and icy; not a planet anymore! planet.html

Other things in our solar system Asteroids: planetesimals between Mars and Jupiter

Other things in our solar system Meteorites Rock left over from beginning of solar system

Structure of the Earth

Homogeneous accretion theory Formation of layered Earth Earth starts out homogeneous

Homogeneous accretion theory Iron, nickel sink to core

Homogeneous accretion theory Iron, nickel sink to core Lighter elements in mantle and crust Extreme pressure at center of earth keeps the core solid

Our Moon Moon’s surface: –Maria (dark colored) are basalt –Highlands (light colored) igneous rock

Our moon Parts of Moon’s surface: –Maria billion –Highlands 4.4 billion

Origin of moon Some theories: Formed as two-planet system Broke from Earth during formation Captured

Origin of moon Impact with planetesimal

Our moon Parts of Moon’s surface: –Craters from meteor impacts

Craters on Earth Only 120 identified craters

Craters on Earth Only 120 identified craters Why so few on Earth and so many on Moon?

Trivia about our solar system Our solar system is on the edge of a spiral arm in the Milky Way Our solar system rotates around the center of the galaxy once every 250 million years Relative to the center of the Milky Way, our solar system rotates at 200 km/s