Mathematics and Gender Studies: an Overview Andrea Blunck Department Mathematik Universität Hamburg

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies2 Outline of the talk  Gender Studies on Mathematics: Introduction Classification of Research Topics  Some Results  Some Projects  Some Ideas and Questions

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies3 Gender Studies on Mathematics Introduction:  Why is it so hard to do Gender Studies on Mathematics?

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies4 Gender Studies on Mathematics joint with Irene Pieper-Seier (Oldenburg): entry Mathematics in the German Handbook Women‘s and Gender Studies A.B./I.P.-S.: Mathematik – Genderforschung auf schwierigem Terrain, in: Beate Kortendiek/Ruth Becker (eds.): Handbuch Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung, 2008

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies5 Gender Studies on Mathematics “Mathematics is one of those scientific disciplines that are hard to access by women’s and gender studies. The category “gender” seems to play no role in mathematics. The objects of mathematical research are abstract objects, studied only by logical deductions. Thus gender is neither an explicit nor an implicit topic of mathematical research. And the research methods look so objective that there seems to be no influence of the researchers.”

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies6 Gender Studies on Mathematics  contents of mathematics hard to access by gender studies  so far: research mainly on women in mathematics  Gender Studies on Mathematics not yet established as a research area

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies7 Gender Studies on Mathematics Classification of research topics  history of mathematics  didactics of mathematics  mathematics as field of study or work  science studies on mathematics

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies8 Gender Studies on Mathematics Classification of research topics  history of mathematics  didactics of mathematics  mathematics as field of study or work  science studies on mathematics

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies9 History of Mathematics  biographies of individual women mathematicians groups of women mathematicians

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies10 History of Mathematics  biographies of individual women mathematicians, in order to appreciate these women make them and their contributions to mathematics visible

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies11 Maria Gaetana Agnesi 1718 – 1799, Milan 1748 Instituzioni Analitiche ad Uso della Gioventù Italiana: first book on analysis in Italian 1750 appointed “professor of mathematics” at the university of Bologna; but she never worked there 1752 she left mathematics

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies12 Maria Gaetana Agnesi Agnesi was typical for women scientists of her time: no formal education not part of the scientific community exceptional U. Klens: Mathematikerinnen im 18. Jahrhundert, 1994 M. Mazzotti: The world of Maria Gaetana Agnesi, 2007

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies13 Ruth Moufang 1905 – PhD, Frankfurt 1936 habilitation – but the Nazi regime did not allow her to teach: because she was a woman! 1957 first female professor of mathematics in Germany Literature: Irene Pieper-Seier

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies14 History of Mathematics  biographies of groups of women mathematicians, combined with a description of the history of women’s education a reflection on the marginalization of women in mathematics

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies15 History of Mathematics The first female PhDs in mathematics in Germany: Until 1908, eight women obtained their PhD in mathematics in Germany, among them seven women from abroad, e.g.:  Sofia Kovalevskaya (Russia; Göttingen 1874)  Grace Chisholm Young (UK; Göttingen 1895)  Mary Frances Winston (USA; Göttingen 1897) They paved the way for German women. It was only in 1909 that women were allowed to study throughout Germany. Literature: Renate Tobies

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies16 History of Mathematics Presentation of role models – Motivation for female students: „well, Emmy Noether, in algebra..... when I heard about her, I went home and read a little bit about her, because I liked it that at least once there was a women and not always only men.“ Interview with a female math student from Hamburg. From a study by Dr. Anina Mischau (Bielefeld).

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies17 Gender Studies on Mathematics Classification of research topics  history of mathematics  didactics of mathematics  mathematics as field of study or work  science studies on mathematics

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies18 Didactics of Mathematics  differences in achievement / in interests  gender-sensitive teaching methods  coeducation?  “doing gender” in the classroom: in math classes girls actively contribute to the construction of “femininity” by acting as if they were low achievers (Sylvia Jahnke-Klein 2001)

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies19 Gender Studies on Mathematics Classification of research topics  history of mathematics  didactics of mathematics  mathematics as field of study or work  science studies on mathematics

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies20 Mathematics as field of study or work  collecting statistical data  sociological studies on students of mathematics on people working in mathematics

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies21 Mathematics as field of study or work two studies carried out at the University of Oldenburg:  Beate Curdes, Sylvia Jahnke-Klein, Wiebke Lohfeld, Irene Pieper-Seier 2003: Students of mathematics, their experiences and their plans for the future  Karin Flaake, Kristina Hackmann, Irene Pieper-Seier, Stephanie Radtke 2006: Female professors of mathematics

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies22 Mathematics as field of study or work Some results of these studies:  female students of mathematics like mathematics because it is “clear” and “reliable” consider doing mathematical research / writing a PhD thesis as “risky” (this is not the case for male students)

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies23 Mathematics as field of study or work Some results of these studies:  most female professors of mathematics in Germany have been encouraged from the beginning of their careers were part of a research group already as a student

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies24 Gender Studies on Mathematics Classification of research topics  history of mathematics  didactics of mathematics  mathematics as field of study or work  science studies on mathematics

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies25 Science Studies on Mathematics  so far: not much research  some starting points: the image of mathematics female mathematics ?

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies26 The image of mathematics  mathematics is seen as a “male” discipline (e.g. in German speaking countries, in the UK)  (how) does mathematics, and the teaching of mathematics, participate in constituting this male image and thus in the construction of gender?  “vicious circle” (Paul Ernest, 1995): low percentage of women in mathematics – gender-stereotypical image of mathematics

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies27 Female mathematics? Origins of mathematical concepts  Ellen Harlizius-Klück 2004: books on arithmetic in Euclid’s elements: seemingly no application possible origin: weaving – work done by women

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies28 Female mathematics? Ethnomathematics  mathematics of non-western cultures  implicit mathematical practices, e.g., in handicraft, art, architecture  often carried out and handed down by women

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies29 Female mathematics? Ethnomathematics  Paulus Gerdes: Women, Art and Geometry in Southern Africa, 1998

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies30 Female mathematics? Ethnomathematics  Paulus Gerdes: Women, Art and Geometry in Southern Africa, 1998  review of this book, by Jens Høyrup:

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies31 Female mathematics? “In the present book, the author continues his investigations of the mathematical – in particular geometrical – thought of African cultures and of its possible utility in mathematics teaching in an African context. It concentrates on women's geometrical creations, in part because women students may need extra encouragement in Africa as elsewhere in order to counterbalance the model mathematician normally presented in cosmopolitan mathematics education, but mainly because women are the sophisticated geometers in the cultures that are dealt with in the book:

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies32 Female mathematics? they decorate the houses, they weave bags and baskets from coloured straw, they make tattooings – and some of them are experts who guide others. (…) Here as elsewhere, sophisticated mathematics is a specialist's business, as reported in various places in the book. The notion of “sophisticated mathematics” is justified, even though the specialists in question do not look at themselves as “mathematicians”, a role for which traditional society has no space; but many of the patterns shown in the book exhibit symmetries that bear witness of intense reflection on formal properties of patterns.”

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies33 Some projects  my current research project  ideas for future research

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies34 Current research project GenderMathematik: Gender competence as an innovative element of teacher education in mathematics  joint project: Anina Mischau (sociology, Bielefeld) Sabine Mehlmann (pedagogics, Gießen) A.B. (mathematics, Hamburg)  team members: Torsten Woellmann, Georgine Kalil supported by the German Ministry of Education and Research

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies35 Current research project GenderMathematik: Gender competence as an innovative element of teacher education in mathematics  main steps: design and development of a seminar “Gender Competence in Mathematics” for teacher education at universities testing and evaluation of the seminar at eight German universities

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies36 Current research project GenderMathematik: Gender competence as an innovative element of teacher education in mathematics  contents of the seminar: knowledge on gender: e.g., mathematics as a gendered discipline didactical competence: methods for gender-sensitive teaching of mathematics (self) reflection

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies37 Ideas for future research Mathematics as a field of social practice:  mathematicians at work  mathematics as scientific community with special culture  metaphors  which practices are part of mathematics and which are not?

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies38 Ideas for future research Metaphors:  mathematical structures or objects live in certain spaces inherit properties get married

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies39 Ideas for future research Mathematics as social practice  possible method: laboratory studies: ethnographic studies on scientists at work

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies40 Ideas for future research Mathematics as social practice  Bettina Heintz: Die Innenwelt der Mathematik, 2000: ethnographic study at the Max- Planck-Institut for Mathematics in Bonn sociology of mathematics gender almost not considered

Andrea BlunckMathematics and Gender Studies41 Ideas for future research Questions that may be gender-related: from a review of Heintz’ book, by Moritz Epple:  Which research topics are considered to be important? Which methods are considered to be promising? Which groups share these views?  How does the mathematical community award reputation?  How do different areas of mathematics compete for resources and how are such competitions settled?

Thank you for your attention !!