PSPACE IP Proshanto Mukherji CSC 486 April 23, 2001
Overview Definitions Proof Arithmetization The protocol Soundness and Completeness Related results Summary
Definitions(1): IP Two components: Verifier: polynomial time-bounded probabilistic oracle TM Prover: deterministic TM with unlimited computational power Interactive Proof Systems VERIFIER PROVER QUERY TAPE question answer
Definitions(1): IP Soundness and Completeness
Definitions(2): PSPACE But we still don’t know whether
Overview Definitions Proof Arithmetization The Protocol Soundness and Completeness Related results Summary
Proof Let L be an arbitrary language in PSPACE Let D be the corresponding PSPACE machine Assume that: D has M states, D’s alphabet has N symbols, D’s tape usage is bound by the polynomial p D has exactly one accepting configuration for any given length of input If D accepts x, it does so in exactly steps Setting it up
Arithmetization Transform a computational problem to one of evaluating a polynomial Let
Arithmetization Transform a computational problem to one of evaluating a polynomial Let
Arithmetization
Define: Configurations of D on x
Arithmetization What is a “legal” configuration?
Arithmetization What is a “legal” configuration? Define:
Arithmetization Let: Transitions of D on x
Arithmetization What is a “legal” transition? }
Arithmetization What is a “legal” transition? So, set
Arithmetization Reachability Now we define a polynomial that captures whether, if D is in configuration O, it is possible to reach configuration N in one step
Arithmetization Multi-step Reachability And recursively extend this to get a set of polynomials that capture whether it is possible to get from O to N in 2 k steps, for any
Arithmetization Multi-step Reachability Configuration B Configuration A If: Recall:
Arithmetization Multi-step Reachability Configuration B Configuration A Configuration C Then: Recall:
Arithmetization Multi-step Reachability Recall: N O
Arithmetization So, let C ini be the (unique) initial configuration, and C fin the (unique) final configuration of D on input x. Then
Arithmetization (recap) ANDNOTOR EQUNIQ exactly one trueequal LCONF legal configuration LTRANS legal transition R0R0 reachability (1 step) RkRk reachability (2 k steps)
Arithmetization Key Point All these polynomials have been discussed for cases where each variable is binary, but may be evaluated over any field Their values at points outside {0,1} may not preserve their “key properties”
Overview Definitions Proof Arithmetization The Protocol Soundness and Completeness Related results Summary
The Protocol Preliminaries Define:
The Protocol Preliminaries Therefore: (no constraint on )
The Protocol
Overview Definitions Proof Arithmetization The Protocol Soundness and Completeness Related results Summary
Soundness and Completeness Proof Key
Soundness and Completeness Completeness Recall: Completeness means that, if x is in L, there is at least one prover that causes the protocol to accept with probability >.75
Soundness and Completeness Key Lemma
Soundness and Completeness Soundness Recall: Soundness means that, if x is not in L, there is no prover that causes the protocol to accept with probability .25
Overview Definitions Proof Arithmetization The Protocol Soundness and Completeness Related results Summary
Related Results IP PSPACE MIP = NEXP
Overview Definitions Proof Arithmetization The Protocol Soundness and Completeness Related results Summary
Here’s how we proved it Choose an arbitrary language in PSPACE, let D be a PSPACE machine that decides it Get a polynomial that, on binary inputs, describes the “essential behavior” of D Evaluate that at numerous points randomly picked from a large finite field, and use that to bound the probability of erroneous acceptance
Finis (that’s all, folks)