1 11 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions II: Calculations

2 Chapter Goals Aqueous Acid-Base Reactions 1.Calculations Involving Molarity 2.Titrations 3.Calculations for Acid-Base Titrations Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 4.Balancing Redox Equations 5.Adding in H +, OH -, or H 2 O to Balance Oxygen or Hydrogen 6.Calculations for Redox Titrations

3 Calculations Involving Molarity Example 11-1: If mL of 1.00 M NaOH and mL of M H2SO4 solutions are mixed, what will the concentration of the resulting solution be? What is the balanced reaction? –It is very important that we always use a balanced chemical reaction when doing stoichiometric calculations.

4 Calculations Involving Molarity Reaction Ratio: 2 mmol1 mmol 2 mmol Before Reaction: 100 mmol 50 mmol0 mmol After Reaction: 0 mmol 50 mmol 100 mmol

5 Calculations Involving Molarity What is the total volume of solution? mL mL = mL What is the sodium sulfate amount, in mmol? 50.0 mmol What is the molarity of the solution? M = 50 mmol/200 mL = M Na 2 SO 4

6 Calculations Involving Molarity Example 11-2: If mL of 1.00 M KOH and mL of M H 2 SO 4 solutions are mixed, what will be the concentration of KOH and K 2 SO 4 in the resulting solution? What is the balanced reaction?

7 Calculations Involving Molarity Reaction Ratio:2 mmol1 mmol 2 mmol Before Reaction:130 mmol 50 mmol0 mmol After Reaction:30 mmol 0 mmol50 mmol100 mmol

8 Calculations Involving Molarity What is the total volume of solution? mL mL = mL What are the potassium hydroxide and potassium sulfate amounts? 30.0 mmol & 50.0 mmol What is the molarity of the solution? M = 30.0 mmol/230.0 mL = M KOH M = 50.0 mmol/230.0 mL = M K 2 SO 4

9 Calculations Involving Molarity Example 11-3: What volume of M NaOH solution would be required to completely neutralize 100 mL of M H 3 PO 4 ? You do it!

10 Calculations Involving Molarity

11 Titrations Acid-base Titration Terminology  Titration – A method of determining the concentration of one solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.  Primary standard – A chemical compound which can be used to accurately determine the concentration of another solution. Examples include KHP and sodium carbonate.  Standard solution – A solution whose concentration has been determined using a primary standard.  Standardization – The process in which the concentration of a solution is determined by accurately measuring the volume of the solution required to react with a known amount of a primary standard.

12 Titrations Acid-base Titration Terminology  Indicator – A substance that exists in different forms with different colors depending on the concentration of the H + in solution. Examples are phenolphthalein and bromothymol blue.  Equivalence point – The point at which stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of the acid and base have reacted.  End point – The point at which the indicator changes color and the titration is stopped.

13 Titrations Acid-base Titration Terminology

14 Calculations for Acid-Base Titrations Potassium hydrogen phthalate is a very good primary standard. –It is often given the acronym, KHP. –KHP has a molar mass of g/mol.

15 Calculations for Acid-Base Titrations Example 11-4: Calculate the molarity of a NaOH solution if 27.3 mL of it reacts with g of KHP.

16 Calculations for Acid-Base Titrations Example 11-5: Calculate the molarity of a sulfuric acid solution if 23.2 mL of it reacts with g of Na 2 CO 3.

17 Calculations for Acid-Base Titrations Example 11-6: An impure sample of potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP, had a mass of g. It was dissolved in water and titrated with 31.5 mL of M NaOH solution. Calculate the percent purity of the KHP sample. Molar mass of KHP is g/mol. NaOH + KHP  NaKP + H 2 O You do it!

18 Calculations for Acid-Base Titrations

19 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions We have previously gone over the basic concepts of oxidation & reduction in Chapter 4. Rules for assigning oxidation numbers were also introduced in Chapter 4. –Refresh your memory as necessary. We shall learn to balance redox reactions using the half-reaction method.

20 Balancing Redox Reactions Half reaction method rules: 1.Write the unbalanced reaction. 2.Break the reaction into 2 half reactions: One oxidation half-reaction and One reduction half-reaction Each reaction must have complete formulas for molecules and ions. 3.Mass balance each half reaction by adding appropriate stoichiometric coefficients. To balance H and O we can add:  H + or H 2 O in acidic solutions.  OH - or H 2 O in basic solutions.

21 Balancing Redox Reactions 4.Charge balance the half reactions by adding appropriate numbers of electrons.  Electrons will be products in the oxidation half- reaction.  Electrons will be reactants in the reduction half- reaction. 5.Multiply each half reaction by a number to make the number of electrons in the oxidation half- reaction equal to the number of electrons reduction half-reaction. 6.Add the two half reactions. 7.Eliminate any common terms and reduce coefficients to smallest whole numbers.

22 Balancing Redox Reactions Example 11-12: Tin (II) ions are oxidized to tin (IV) by bromine. Use the half reaction method to write and balance the net ionic equation.

23 Balancing Redox Reactions

24 Balancing Redox Reactions

25 Balancing Redox Reactions Example 11-13: Dichromate ions oxidize iron (II) ions to iron (III) ions and are reduced to chromium (III) ions in acidic solution. Write and balance the net ionic equation for the reaction.

26 Balancing Redox Reactions

27 Balancing Redox Reactions

28 Balancing Redox Reactions Example 11-15: When chlorine is bubbled into basic solution, it forms hypochlorite ions and chloride ions. Write and balance the net ionic equation. You do it! This is a disproportionation redox reaction. The same species, in this case Cl 2, is both reduced and oxidized.

Balancing Redox Reactions 29

30 Calculations for Redox Titrations Just as we have done stoichiometry with acid-base reactions, it can also be done with redox reactions. Example 11-16: What volume of M KMnO 4 is required to oxidize 35.0 mL of M HCl? The balanced reaction is: You do it!

31 Calculations for Redox Titrations

32 Calculations for Redox Titrations Example 11-17: A volume of 40.0 mL of iron (II) sulfate is oxidized to iron (III) by 20.0 mL of M potassium dichromate solution. What is the concentration of the iron (II) sulfate solution? From Example the balanced equation is: You do it!

33 Calculations for Redox Titrations

34 Synthesis Question A g sample of an impure FeSO 4 sample is titrated with mL of M KMnO 4 to an endpoint. What is the % purity of the FeSO 4 sample?

35 Synthesis Question

36 11 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions II: Calculations