Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention AN OVERVIEW, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN NIGERIA Dr. A. O. Oyebanji (08033908094;femcovc@yahoo.com Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, Km 3, Asa-Dam Road, Ilorin An invited paper presented on Wednesday 14th November 2012 at the National Workshop / Exhibition on Management of Post Harvest and Value Chain Financing (13th – 16th November 2012) at the instance of Kaduna Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (KADCCIMA), Bank of Agriculture and Global Access and Management Limited: At Kaduna International Trade and Investment Centre, Kaduna-Zaria Road, Rigachikun, Kaduna

Protocol:…… & Preamble: Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Protocol:…… & Preamble: Greetings & appreciation Acknowledgement of KADCCIMA’s continued initiative for this workshop KADCCIMA, Bank of Agriculture and Global Access and Management Limited –have done well in embracing Private-Public-Partnership (PPP) approach to Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) of the Federal Government of Nigeria by this workshop Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI)- has the National mandate for Post harvest Research, Extension and Training for development (Loss prevention, value addition and food security and acceptability of crops and products not only for local markets but also for international markets and use, suitable innovations, and protocols) Brief on History of NSPRI – Colonial era (1948) and cash crops (groundnut, cocoa and palm produce); Post independence (1960) changed name from WASPRU to NSPRI and mandate expanded to local food crops

Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Mission statement: Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention We have some achievements in post harvest technologies, protocols and recommendations in the value chain We disseminate our findings through ADPs by training the trainers / participatory technology development approach; We have observed limited fund and lack of access to facilities and other resources by farmers and processors who are mainly peasants and poor Public Private Partnership Strategy is very important for development of post harvest technologies and management in Nigeria This presentation is about the status, gaps and development in post harvest technologies / management in the value chain

Nigeria’s Agricultural Crops Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Nigeria’s Agricultural Crops Nigeria is greatly blessed with opportunity for abundant Agricultural Crops production. Grains and Legumes (Maize, Rice, Sorghum, Millet, Cowpea, Groundnut and Soybeans) Roots and Tubers (Cassava, Yam, Irish and Sweet Potato, Cocoyam and Ginger), Fruits and Vegetables (Mango, Oranges, Banana, Pineapple, Pawpaw, Tomatoes, Pepper, Telferia, Amaranthus etc), Oil Seeds and Beverage Crops (melons, cocoa), Fish and Meats

Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention About the crops and products Crops and products are required in good safe quality as food for man feeds for livestock and raw materials for processors and industries Good quality crops and products are bright coloured, free of mouldiness, mycotoxin contamination and insect infestation However, crops and products are ordinarily prone to microbial infection, insect infestation and spoilage including due to animals and birds feeding actions in the value chain Therefore, mature crops should be harvested timely for immediate consumption or processing (into flours, chips, flakes and pellets, juice or puree) and storage Ventures in Post harvest value chain including packing, packaging, transportation, processing, storage and marketing are sources of livelihood, employment and empowerment

Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Status of post harvest management of Agricultural crops or traditional post harvest practices Traditional drying of grains and legumes in the field Delayed harvesting after maturity to sun dry down before harvesting Associated with losses to birds and rodents Delayed drying or rewetting in continued or intermittent rains, especialy in the more humid southern Nigeria High moisture in crops higher than safe level results in mouldiness, mycotoxin contamination (especially under tropical condition) Health risk of consumption of mouldy / mycotoxin contaminated crops by man and livestock Myctoxin contaminated crops are objectionable in the markets Rejected especially in international markets Alert concerning poor quality of our export crops and products is giving us a bad image Loss is also in cost of repatriation or destruction of rejected crops and products, borne by exporter

Traditional Drying of crops Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Traditional Drying of crops Crop of all sorts are generally sun dried in the open spreading on flat surfaces: Tomato on bear ground in Northern Nigeria Cassava products (fufu’on roadside in West, East and Southern Nigeria Contaminated with stones, dust and dirt Wetting and rewetting in intermittent and continued rains, especially in the more humid Southern Nigeria

Traditional Storage of Yam Tubers Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Traditional Storage of Yam Tubers Traditionally, yam tubers are tied to stakes Tie injury, infection and rotting of tubers and rodent attack Heating of high heaped tubers outdoors and indoors Improperly designed closed yam store with metal roof

Perishable nature of fresh fruits and vegetables Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Traditional packing of fruits and vegetable Perishable nature of fresh fruits and vegetables Heaped packaging of tomato, oranges in weak baskets or receptacles stacked one on top of the other for transportation Exposure in the sun during market display and storage Loose transportation of fruits and vegetables in open vans with consequent rapid dehydration and wilting of leaves or crushing with much damage

Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Traditional handling and storage of yam chips Rain soaked bagged dried yam chips Mouldy bulked stored yam chips in market store

Traditional processing centre Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Traditional processing centre Poor sanitation and hygiene practices are common at food packing or processing centres The processing centers are without planned out order of processing stages By design and construction the centers are not easily cleaned or washable Lack of adequate facilities, equipment, electricity, water and drainage- with consequent flooding with waste and dirt water.

Traditional handling of fish and meats Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Traditional handling of fish and meats Traditionally fish and meats are cooked soon post harvest for immediate consumption against spoilage losses. In addition, fish and meats are smoked or roasted including production into Kilishi and Suya. However, the traditional processing of fish and meats is not hygienic and is associated with contamination with dirt including stones which are quite objectionable. Fish and meats are perishables especially under ambient condition in the tropics like Nigeria.

Traditional pest control efforts Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Traditional pest control efforts Characterized by misuse and abuse of chemical pesticides Wrong dosage in the use of chemical pesticides Use of ban chemicals pesticides such as gamalin-20

Causes of Post harvest losses and challenges Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Causes of Post harvest losses and challenges Perishable nature of fleshy fresh or living crops, Feeding activities of pests (spoilage microorganisms, insects, birds, rodents and other animals, Inadequate handling of crops in the value chain Why? ignorance of adequate post harvest facilities, technologies, processes or protocols of handling, transportation, processing, packaging, storage and marketing, carelessness concerning the need for adequate post harvest facilities, technologies, processes or protocols of handling, transportation, processing, packaging, storage and marketing, Lack of access to adequate post harvest facilities, technologies, processes or protocols of handling, transportation, processing, packaging, storage and marketing,

high cost and technicality of technologies, lack of access to finance, Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention high cost and technicality of technologies, lack of access to finance, limited assistance and support for: Financing for post harvest technologies in the value chain of our agricultural crops in the face of adverse impact of Climate change on production, processing and storage. training and on post harvest technologies in the value chain of our agricultural crops in the face of adverse impact of Climate change on production, processing and storage. extension on post harvest technologies in the value chain of our agricultural crops in the face of adverse impact of Climate change on production, processing and storage.

Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Improved post harvest Technologies, Products, Protocols and Recommendations Timely harvesting of grains for adequate drying, packaging and storage in improved warehouse or bulk storage in Inert Atmosphere Silos or Hermetic Containers Improved Ventilated Crib – for de-husked maize cobs and bundles of ears of corn, kept disinfested with recommended spray and dust, the active ingredient of which must breakdown before consumption.

Improved Warehouse Air tight against ingress of moisture Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Improved Warehouse Air tight against ingress of moisture Batch stacking of bagged dried produce on pallets Opportunity for fumigation under PVC

Inert Atmosphere Silos Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Inert Atmosphere Silos Storage of dried grains without chemical insecticides Oxygen is purged out with Nitrogen and aerobe especially insects die out

Hermetic Containers – Domestic level storage of dried grains Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Hermetic Containers – Domestic level storage of dried grains storage with or without fumigation (safe fumigation)

Improved Yam Barn Layering of tubers on smooth shelves in IYB Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Improved Yam Barn Layering of tubers on smooth shelves in IYB Rodent Control and Cool Storage under partial ventilation Provisions for maximization of natural coolness Provision of nettings against birds and rodent attacks. *Shelf layering of yam tubers for storage and transportation in ventilated vehicles

Diffuse Light Store Gently harvest seed potato Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Diffuse Light Store Gently harvest seed potato Sort for wholesome seeds Wash gently and dip treat in fungicide/insectici de solution air dried and cured seed potato in stacked ventilated plastic crates or in tray shelves in DLS

Storage of cassava roots in moist sawdust in baskets, Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Storage of cassava roots in moist sawdust in baskets, wooden boxes and cassava warehouse  It is traditionally believed that cassava cannot be stored post harvest Farmers delay harvesting until when needed for consumption or sale or processing Results in woodying due to lignifications as it over age Rotting results from flooding Storability of cassava roots for up to 12 weeks in Moist Sawdust

STORAGE OF FRESH CASSAVA TUBERS Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention STORAGE OF FRESH CASSAVA TUBERS Day 0 Day 90

Improved Cassava Processing Centre at NSPRI IBADAN Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Improved Cassava Processing Centre at NSPRI IBADAN

Hygienic Processing of Cassava Chips for HQCF Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Hygienic Processing of Cassava Chips for HQCF

Improved packaging of fruits in Ventilated Crates Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Improved packaging of fruits in Ventilated Crates

Improved handling of vegetables Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Improved handling of vegetables Vegetable Boxes Fruits and Vegetable Shed

Evaporative Coolant Systems (ECSs) Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Evaporative Coolant Systems (ECSs) Evaporative Coolers, for fresh storage of fruits and vegetables

Fruits Packing House at NSPRI ILORIN Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Fruits Packing House at NSPRI ILORIN

Electric Fan Forced Dryer Solar Tray Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention NSPRI’s Improved dryers for clean dried products Multipurpose Dryer Electric Fan Forced Dryer Solar Tray Solar Tent Hybrid Dryer Electric Fan Forced Dryer

Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention NSPRI’s products Tomato Paste Dried ground pepper Beans flour -for Akara, Moin-moin and Ekuru snacks that go well with pap and or bread meals, Gegiri soup for duff meals Maize and Sorghum Pap flour - for instant preparation for breakfast and refreshment Rice flour – for instant duff meal with vegetable soup, fish and meat Poundo-yam flour – for instant duff meal with vegetable soup, fish and meat complements Dried packaged periwinkle as complement in soups

HACCP Plan & Implementation Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention These products of value addition - by pre-drying preparation of the crops, drying, milling into flour and packaging (in labeled sealed polyethylene bags in cartons) and stacking on pallets for storage in improved warehouse prior to distribution to the markets. The processing for the products are done with consideration for sanitation and hygiene of environment, processing equipment and processing personnel, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Plan and Implementation according to standard and regulation for safety assurance that prevent rather than hope to control hazards (biological, chemical and or physical)

Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Agricultural crops and products stakeholders in Nigeria (farmers, processors and traders) peasant poor Illiterate sensitization, training, Mobilization Support Assistance Improved post harvest practices in the value chain

Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Conclusion In this wise, KADCCIMA has continued to do well in cooperation with development institutions and other stakeholders in Nigeria’s Agricultural crops management / technology and value chain financing enlightenment, sensitization, training and linkage for development by this workshop / exhibition event.

Thank you all for your attention Increasing Nigeria’s Agricultural Self Reliance through Adequate Post Harvest Loss Prevention Thank you all for your attention