TECNOLOGIAS DE ARMAZENAMENTO DE INFORMAÇÃO ESPACIAL

Spatial data and IT Coexistence or integration ? Specialty Servers For Different Kinds Of Data Data Isolation Multiple proprietary formats High Systems Admin and Management Costs Scalability Problems High Training Costs Complex Support Problems    GIS Enterprise IT GISApplicationsDatabaseApplications

YesterdayToday Application Monolithic GIS Proprietary or Generic DBMS Connection Application Spatial DB Middleware Traditional DBMS Open APIs Proprietary APIs Spatially-Aware Database Application Mapping Server From GIS to Spatial to Location GML SQL WMS WFS …

Where does Oracle fit in a Spatial/GIS System Storage Capture Rendering Analysis Data

Standard Database Services Data Security Replication Transactional Integrity Parallel Query Bulk Load Utilities Platform Independence Online maintenance Long transactions... A unified platform for all information spatial and non-spatial

Data Geocode Analyze Display Add Maps & Reports to your Application Manage commercial and customer geospatial data (Oracle Database includes NAVTEQ boundary data for 60+ countries) Find Proximity, Location, Containment Convert addresses into coordinates Key Technologies

Oracle Locator Oracle Spatial Support for all geometry types –Points, lines, polygons, solids 2D data support All Spatial Searches Measurement functions: distance, area, length Utility, tuning and validation functions Full Coordinate Systems support Long Transactions Parallel spatial query & index builds Table Partitioning Object Replication Includes all Locator features + Spatial processing functions –Buffer, centroid, convex hull, etc –Overlays: union, intersect, minus, … Spatial Aggregates Geocoder Engine Linear Referencing Network Data Model Routing engine GeoRaster Data Type Topology Data Model Spatial Analytical Functions Specialized 3D types (LIDAR, TINS) OGC Web Services (WFS, OpenLS) Included in Oracle Database – All Editions A cost option of Oracle Database Enterprise Edition

ORACLE Spatial

SDO_GEOMETRY Object –SDO_GEOMETRY object: –Example: SQL> CREATE TABLE us_states ( 2 state VARCHAR2(30), 3 totpop NUMBER(9), 4 geom SDO_GEOMETRY); SDO_GTYPE NUMBER SDO_SRID NUMBER SDO_POINT SDO_POINT_TYPE SDO_ELEM_INFO SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY SDO_ORDINATES SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY

Element Example: Point Load the SDO_POINT field to optimize point data storage. SQL> INSERT INTO US_CITIES (id, city, …, location ) 2> VALUES (203, ‘Someplace’, …, 3> SDO_GEOMETRY ( 4> 2001, 8307, 5> SDO_POINT_TYPE (-75.2, 43.7, null), 6> null, null) 7> );

Element Types Summarized Number Element Type Interpretation 0 UNKNOWN_ELEMENT 1 POINT # of points in collection; or 0 - oriented point 2 LINESTRING 1 - Straight lines 2 - Circular arcs 3 POLYGON 1 - Straight lines 1003 (Outer) 2 - Circular arcs 2003 (Inner) 3 - Optimized rectangle 4 - Circle 4 COMPOUND LINESTRING # of type 2 subelements that make up the line string 5 COMPOUND POLYGON # of type 2 subelements that make up 1005 (Outer) the polygon 2005 (Inner)

Spatial operators: –Require a spatial index on the first geometry specified in the operator –Take advantage of spatial indexes –Appear only in the WHERE clause –Implicitly transform the coordinate system of the window, if required Spatial functions: –Do not take advantage of spatial indexes –Can be used on small tables that are not spatially indexed –Can be used in the SELECT list and the WHERE clause –If requiring two geometries, both must exist in the same coordinate system. Spatial Operators vs. Spatial Functions

A B A B A B A B Contains Inside Covers Coveredby Contains Inside OverlapBdyDisjoint Spatial (Topological) Relationships A B Disjoint A B Covers On

Spatial Operators vs. Spatial Functions Operators SDO_FILTER: –Performs a primary filter only SDO_RELATE: –Returns all geometries that have some spatial relationship with a geometry SDO_WITHIN_DISTANCE: –Returns all geometries that are within some distance from a geometry SDO_NN: –Returns the N nearest neighbors from a geometry Functions SDO_GEOM.RELATE –Compares two geometries SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE –Measures the distance between two geometries

SDO_RELATE Example Find all the parks fully inside the state of Wyoming SELECT p.id, p.name FROM us_parks p, us_states s WHERE s.state = 'Wyoming' AND SDO_INSIDE ( p.geom, s.geom ) = 'TRUE';

SDO_GEOM.RELATE Example Determine the relationship of the state of New Jersey to its counties: SELECT c.county, sdo_geom.relate (s.geom,'determine',c.geom, 0.5) relationship FROM us_states s, us_counties c WHERE s.state = 'New Jersey' AND s.state = c.state; COUNTY RELATIONSHIP Atlantic COVERS Cape May COVERS Cumberland COVERS Essex CONTAINS …