Vocabulary Matching for Book Indexing Suggestion in Linked Libraries – A Prototype Implementation & Evaluation Antoine Isaac, Dirk Kramer, Lourens van der Meij, Shenghui Wang, Stefan Schlobach, Johan Stapel

Problem: subject indexing Describing subjects of books Using concepts from vocabularies (e.g. thesauri)

Problem: re-indexing Describing a book that has already be described With a new vocabulary –Fitting a different context (e.g., different libraries)

Why re-indexing at KB? The Dutch National Library (KB) holds many books that are also in other Dutch public libraries KB deposit uses Brinkman thesaurus for indexing Public Libraries use Biblion thesaurus

A wider issue KB shares books with many other libraries All having their own description practices

Room for improvement? Libraries devote large resources to indexing –20 people at KB –About 20,000 books per year Leveraging already existing descriptions for re- indexing can be beneficial for both sides

Alignment and re-indexing STITCH project –Tackling semantic interoperability in Cultural Heritage –Using ontology alignment Mappings between concepts from different vocabularies can be used for re-indexing Basic idea: replace concepts in descriptions by conceptually equivalent concepts

Goal: a re-indexing prototype Past: preliminary experiments with KB data Now: building a prototype and –plugging it onto the KB production system –having it evaluated by its potential users (indexers) Prototype case: Dutch public libraries / KB Suggesting Brinkman subjects based on Biblion ones

Alignment and re-indexing: requirements Subjects can be complex Mappings between groups of concepts "Travel guides" + "Spain" → "Spain; travel guides" Concepts are used in descriptions Mappings taking into account extensional semantics "Building engineering" → "Learning material ; building engineering"

Obtaining re-indexing rules Lexical alignments are not good enough Probabilistic rules are calculated –Using extension of concepts: existing indexing –Simple probabilities, with adhoc adjustment "Travel guides","Spain"→"Spain; travel guides", Not only based on Biblion subjects –AUT – main authors of books –KAR – “characteristic” –DGP – intellectual level/target group

Demo Doesn't work?

User study Quantitative aspect –How well does the tool compare to human subject indexing? Qualitative aspect –User satisfaction –Improvement suggestion

Evaluation setting 6 indexers 6 weeks 284 books Evaluation integrated in daily indexing work Pre-evaluation briefing Questionnaire during evaluation Post-evaluation de-briefing & questionnaire

User study results Top ranked mappings are indeed much better Individual book satisfaction level > 70% Suggestion class# suggestionsprecisionrecall blue %47.9% purple1, %27.1% red2, %5.98% non suggested8919.0%

User study results (1) But the general satisfaction is lower –Only two out of six would use the tool as such Quality of suggestions –Lower-level suggestions are often not meaningful Perception of suggestions' quality –Long lists with wrong suggestions ad the end are bad –Ranking is appreciated, but it is not enough

User study results (2) Suggestions were found promising Bridging the indexing gap between collections –Different indexing strategies "Persian language" (Biblion) vs. "Iranian language and literature" (Brinkman) Lots of suggestions for improvement More re-indexing! –Suggesting concepts from other vocabularies –More context metadata as input

Conclusions Shows the potential of re-using data in a library network Alignment approach fitting indexing practice Concrete demonstration, in KB production environment Technology transfer: KB wants to continue efforts Flexibility: architecture ready to exploit other vocabularies –Linked data & SKOS

Prototype components

Linked libraries?

Thank you! Questions?

Screenshots

WinIBW production tool

STITCH suggestion tool

Original metadata

Concept suggestions

Comparing with human re-indexing

Complement: lexical alignments

Adding subjects using thesaurus access

Concept suggestions

Saving and back to WinIBW

Screenshots Back