Preserve Design

1.Acadia (ME) 2.Arches (UT) 3.Badlands (SD) 4.Biscayne (FL) 5.Bryce Canyon (UT) 6.Canyonlands (UT) 7.Capitol Reef (UT) 8.Colonial Williamsburg (VA 9.Ellis Island (NY) 10.Everglades (FL) 11.Glacier (MT) 12.Glen Canyon-Lake Powell (AZ) 13.Grand Canyon (AZ) 14.Grand Teton (WY) 15.Great Smoky Mountains(TN) 16.Hawaii Volcanoes (HI) 17.Kings Canyon (CA) 18.Mount Rainier (WA) 19.Mount Rushmore (SD) 20.Olympic (WA) 21.Rocky Mountain (CO) 22.Sequoia (CA) 23.Shenandoah (VA) 24.Statue of Liberty (NY) 25.Waterton Lakes (CAN) 26.Yellowstone (WY) 27.Yosemite (CA) 28.Zion (UT)

% Saturation Curve through New Guinea and nearby Kei islands Closed circles - more distant islands % of expected # of species if lying on saturation curve

Yellowstone Grizzlies Needs for viable populationNeeds for viable population Takes km 2Takes km 2

Extinction parameter ( k ) Land bridge islands in the West IndiesLand bridge islands in the West Indies Extinction vs. island sizeExtinction vs. island size Prediction for Barro Colorado island: 16-17Prediction for Barro Colorado island: dS/dt = kS 2 k for Birds on Land Bridge Islands in the West Indies

Park# Mammal species% lost Bryce Canyon5 36 Mount Rainier7 32 Rocky Mountain2 31 Yosemite4 25 Grand Teton/Yellowstone1 4 Lassen Volcanic6 43 Kootenay/Banff/Jasper/Yoho0 0 Mammal species lost since Park establishment

Reasons for Large Size Larger S than a single smaller reserveLarger S than a single smaller reserve Slower rate of relaxationSlower rate of relaxation Some habitats can only exist on larger fragmentsSome habitats can only exist on larger fragments Small perimeter compared with area - less edge effectSmall perimeter compared with area - less edge effect Required to support larger predators, or species that rely on seasonal or patchy resourcesRequired to support larger predators, or species that rely on seasonal or patchy resources Withstand variations in nutrient flow or pollution insultWithstand variations in nutrient flow or pollution insult Less sensitive to disturbance - maintains high species richnessLess sensitive to disturbance - maintains high species richness Ensures that succession will lead to a range of habitatsEnsures that succession will lead to a range of habitats Support poor dispersersSupport poor dispersers Allows predators to move between unoccupied patches for preyAllows predators to move between unoccupied patches for prey

Reasons for Small Size More combinations - time of arrivalMore combinations - time of arrival Large edge effect may accommodate more species that prefer edges.Large edge effect may accommodate more species that prefer edges. May be more prone to disturbanceMay be more prone to disturbance The possibilities of landfall for a migrant may be greater on a spread of small islands.The possibilities of landfall for a migrant may be greater on a spread of small islands. If different species go extinct on different islands, smaller islands will between them hold a large number of species.If different species go extinct on different islands, smaller islands will between them hold a large number of species.

Small preserves Simberloff and Abele -series of small preserves may be better:Simberloff and Abele -series of small preserves may be better: –entire group less susceptible to large catastrophe –may allow survival of competitors –might be better for preserving a range of rare and scattered habitats.

Hawaiian Islands (Quinn and Harrison (1988)

For Single Species Preservation Large reserves have several advantages:Large reserves have several advantages: Fewer chance extinctions because of large population sizes. Less likely to be destroyed by major environmental events like floods or fire. Will support larger populations less prone to a loss of genetic variability.

Items to consider Habitat heterogeneityHabitat heterogeneity Edge effect (linear vs. spherical)Edge effect (linear vs. spherical) Immigration possibilities (proximity of other reserves)Immigration possibilities (proximity of other reserves) CorridorsCorridors Inbreeding in small populationsInbreeding in small populations

Design of Preserves Extinctionlowerhigher

Common algorithms used “Greedy” or richness based“Greedy” or richness based –Initially adds the site containing the most species –Continues moving down site list Rarity basedRarity based –Chooses sites in order of the rarity of the species they contain –Good at getting minimum number of sites representing all species in given locale