Julius H. Giarmarco, J.D., LL.M. The Role of Life Insurance in GRATs, IDGTs, QPRTs, CRUTs, and Other Four-Letter Words Sponsored by: Presented by: Julius H. Giarmarco, J.D., LL.M. Giarmarco, Mullins & Horton, P.C. 101 W. Big Beaver Road, 10th Floor Troy, Michigan 48084 (248) 457-7200 jhg@disinherit-irs.com www.disinherit-irs.com

IRS Circular 230 Disclosure To ensure compliance with requirements imposed by the IRS, we inform you that any U.S. federal tax advice contained in this presentation is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code, or (ii) promoting, marketing, or recommending to another party any transaction or matter that is contained in this document.

Preface The federal estate tax is only vulnerable to lifetime gifting. And there are generally three types of gifts clients can make: Gifts of life insurance. Gifts that shift or reduce value. Gifts to charity.

Estate, Gift, and GST Taxes Year Estate Tax Exemption Basis Method GST Tax Exemption Top Estate/GST Tax Rate Gift Tax Exemption Top Gift Tax Rate 2009 $3,500,000 Step-up in basis 45% $1,000,000 20101 - 0 - Modified carryover basis 0% 35% $5,000,000 20112 20123 2013 $1,000,0004 55% 1 The Tax Relief Act of 2010: For individuals who died in 2010: Tax the decedent’s assets at 35%, after estate tax exemption of $5 million and receive a “stepped up” income tax basis equal to fair market value at death. Alternatively, elect out of the estate tax regime, no estate tax is assessed and modified carryover basis rules apply in determining recipients’ income tax basis in the assets. 2 Beginning in 2011, introduction of the portability of the estate tax exemption between married couples (Note: not applicable to GST tax exemption). 3 Estate, GST, and gift tax exemptions are indexed for inflation in 2012. 4 Indexed for inflation ($1.4M estimate).

Wealth Transfer Strategies Over Lifetime Annually Transfer of wealth excluded from any gift tax Transfer of wealth through GST, estate, and gift tax exemptions Transfer of wealth utilizing discount strategies Transfer of wealth utilizing freeze strategies (appreciation-only gifts) Transfer of wealth through taxable gifts $13,000 per individual ($26,000 gift splitting with spouse) per donee Direct payments to educational institutions and health care providers1 Irrevocable life insurance trusts (ILIT)2 Gift tax exemption of up to $5M per individual GST and estate tax exemptions of $5M per individual3 Generation-skipping transfer trust (GST) Family limited partnership (FLP) Family limited liability company (FLLC) Non-voting shares in family corporation (C or S corporation) Grantor retained annuity trust (GRAT) Intentionally defective grantor trust (IDGT) Qualified personal residence trust (QPRT) Intra-family loan Statutory freeze partnership (FLP or FLLC)4 Pay gift tax now rather than paying estate tax later Converting traditional IRA to Roth IRA5 Charitable planning: CRTs and CLTs. 1 To qualify for exclusion, gifts (a) of tuition must be made directly to the educational institution; and (b) for medical expenses must be made directly to the health care provider. 2 Often can be structured to use annual exclusion gifting. 3 In 2011, an estate is taxed at a top rate of 35% with a $5 million estate tax exemption and a $5 million GST tax exemption. 4 Can serve to both utilize discount and transfer wealth utilizing freeze strategies. 5 Paying the income tax in converting a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA is essentially a gift tax-free gift.

Dynasty Trust – Overview of Technique Grantor No transfer tax paid. Discretionary Distributions to Children for Life Advantages Creditor protection Divorce protection Estate tax protection Dispositive plan protection Spendthrift protection Consolidation of capital No transfer tax paid. Discretionary Distributions to Grandchildren for Life No transfer tax paid. Discretionary Distributions to Great-Grandchildren for Life Gift should take advantage of any remaining lifetime gift exclusion and lifetime GST exclusion No transfer tax paid. Future Generations

Dynasty Trusts Non-Dynasty Trust Dynasty Trust 1. Value of estate is $10,000,000. 3. One generation = 30 years. 2. After-tax growth rate of 4%. 4. Federal Estate Tax = 35%. Non-Dynasty Trust Grandchildren’s Inheritance $21,082,083 Great-Grandchildren’s $44,445,424 Children’s Inheritance $10,000,000 Children’s Inheritance $10,000,000 Dynasty Trust Grandchildren’s Inheritance $32,433,975 Great-Grandchildren’s $105,196,274

Dynasty Trust vs. 35% Estate Tax Every 30 Years $1 Million After-Tax Growth Value of Dynasty Trust After 120 Years Value of Property if No Trust 3.00% $34,710,987 $6,196,128 4.00% $110,662,561 $19,753,959 5.00% $348,911,561 $62,282,970 6.00% $1,088,187,748 $194,248,314 7.00% $3,357,788,383 $599,386,213 8.00% $10,252,992,943 $1,830,223,321 9.00% $30,987,015,749 $5,531,375,980 10.00% $92,709,068,818 $16,549,148,216

ILITs Life Insurance trusts remain a key planning tool. Increased exemptions provide additional opportunities. ILIT will typically be designed as both a grantor trust and a generation-skipping trust.

ILITs Large premium cases: What is the exit strategy for: ILIT may not have enough Crummey beneficiaries to cover premiums. Grantor may not have any unused gift tax exemption to cover premiums. What is the exit strategy for: Split-dollar plans. Premium financing arrangements.

ILITs: Leveraging the GST Exemption Dynasty Trust Children’s Inheritance $28,000,000 Amount of life insurance is $20 million. Total premiums paid = $2 million. Grantor allocates $2 million of his/her $10 million GST exemption. This leaves Grantor with $8 million of GST exemption remaining. Growth rate after taxes is 4% annually. One generation = 30 years. Grandchildren’s Inheritance $90,815,130 Great-Grandchildren’s Inheritance $294,549,567 Great-Great-Grandchildren’s Inheritance $955,341,332

Family Limited Liability Company (“FLLC”)

FLLC Donor can maintain control and management of investment assets (by retaining the voting membership interests). Creates otherwise unavailable minority and marketability discounts for estate and gift tax purposes. Protects investment assets from creditors or ex-spouses of members because “charging order” is sole remedy of creditors.

Governed by Operating Agreement FLLC FLLC Governed by Operating Agreement Receive Voting Interests & Non-Voting Interests Contribute Assets Parents (Members & Managers) ILIT (Member) Gift/Sell Non-Voting Interests

FLLC FLLC Parents/Managers ILIT FLLC’s assets protected from claims against individual members Income retained in FLLC or allocated among members based on percentage interests. Parents/Managers Gifts are easily made; reduce parent’s estate; and may qualify for valuation discounts. ILIT

Grantor Retained Annuity Trust (“GRAT”)

How Does a GRAT Work? Grantor transfers assets to an irrevocable trust. Annual annuity paid to Grantor for a term of years (in cash or in kind). With zeroed-out GRAT, the value of the annuity = the value of the initial gift. Assets remaining at end of term pass – tax free – to remainder beneficiary.

What are the Advantages of a GRAT? Statutory technique. Suitable for persons with substantial estates and growth assets. Remainder beneficiary can be an ILIT.

What are the Advantages of a GRAT? Permits tax-free gifts to beneficiaries. Tax-free gift of appreciation in excess of IRC Section 7520 rate. Grantor’s payment of GRAT’s income taxes is a tax-free gift to the beneficiaries. No risk of unintended gift tax.

GRAT: 10-year term Children or ILIT Grantor (age 65): $5 million Gift = $3.21 GRAT Value: $5 million Contribution of Assets Annual Annuity Distributions (12.5%) Remainder transferred to ILIT: Assumptions: 12% return: $4,545,224 10% return: $2,993,239 8% return: $1,727,268 Section 7520 Rate = 2.4% Remainder after 10 years Children or ILIT

GRAT Drawbacks Grantor must survive the GRAT term. Use an ILIT to “bullet proof” a GRAT. Assets must outperform the IRC Section 7520 rate. Cannot allocate GST exemption until end of GRAT term. Congress may eliminate short-term GRATs. Practical downside is transaction costs only.

Installment Sale to Intentionally-Defective Grantor Trust (“IDGT”)

IDGT An IDGT is a type of trust where all income earned by the trust is taxed to the grantor because the trust is considered “defective” for income tax purposes, but “effective” for estate and gift tax purposes. Defective nature of trust also allows for a “tax-free” gift to the trust’s beneficiaries when grantor pays income taxes otherwise attributable to the trust or its beneficiaries.

Installment Sale to an IDGT – Summary of Technique Grantor sells an appreciating asset to an IDGT in exchange for an installment note. For estate tax purposes the grantor should make an initial gift (at least 10% of the total transfer value) to the trust. To the extent that the growth rate on the assets sold to the IDGT is greater than the interest rate on the installment note, the “excess” is passed on to the trust beneficiaries free of any gift, estate and/or GST tax.

Installment Sale to an IDGT – Summary of Technique No capital gains tax is due on the installment sale to the trust because the trust is “defective” for income tax purposes. IDGT’s basis in the assets is Grantor’s carry-over basis. Interest income on installment note is not taxable to the grantor because the trust is “defective” for income tax purposes.

Sale to an IDGT Grantor/ Insured IDGT Life Insurance Company 1. Gifts $5M of LLC Non-Voting Interests Grantor/ Insured IDGT 5. Excess Cash Flow / Premiums Life Insurance Company 2. Sells $45M of LLC Non-Voting Interests (No Capital Gain Tax) 6. Death Proceeds (Income and Estate Tax Free / Leverages GST Exemption) 3. $45M Note to Grantor Balloon Payment in 9 Years 4. $1,098,000 annual interest (Interest Rate 2.44%) Advantages: Value of assets sold frozen at 2.44% for nine years (assumed mid-term AFR). Grantor’s estate further reduced by the income taxes paid on behalf of the trust. The trust property escapes estate taxation for as long as permitted under state law. Possible valuation discounts for non-voting interests.

Low Interest Rate Loan to IDGT 1. Gifts $5M Grantor/ Insured IDGT 5. Excess Cash Flow / Premiums Life Insurance Company 2. Loans $45M 6. Death Proceeds (Income and Estate Tax Free / Leverages GST Exemption) 3. $45M Note to Grantor Balloon Payment in 9 Years 4. $1,098,000annual interest (Interest Rate 2.44%) Advantages: Value of loan proceeds frozen at 2.44% for nine years (assumed mid-term AFR). Grantor’s estate further reduced by the income taxes paid on behalf of the trust. The trust property escapes estate taxation for as long as permitted under state law. Possible valuation discounts for promissory note in grantor’s estate.

Grantor Trust vs. Non-Grantor Trust Year Beginning Balance Taxable Income 7% Less: Taxes at 40% Ending Balance 1 $10,000,000 $700,000 $(280,000) $10,420,000 $ - $10,700,000 2 10,420,000 729,400 (291,760) 10,857,640 10,700,000 749,000 - 11,449,000 3 760,035 (304,014) 11,313,661 801,430 12,250,430 4 791,956 (316,783) 11,788,835 857,530 13,107,960 5 825,218 (330,087) 12,283,966 917,557 14,025,517 6 859,878 (343,951) 12,799,892 981,786 15,007,304 7 895,992 (358,397) 13,337,488 1,050,511 16,057,815 8 933,624 (373,450) 13,897,662 1,124,047 17,181,862 9 972,836 (389,135) 14,481,364 1,202,730 18,384,592 10 1,013,695 (405,478) 15,089,581 1,286,921 19,671,514

Installment Sales to an IDGT - Example Assumptions FMV of Assets Sold to IDGT $ 1,111,100 Gift to Trust $111,100 Interest Rate (Mid-Term AFR) 2.33% Terms (Years) 9 Payment Structure $111,100 Down Payment with Gift, Balance Interest-Only w/Balloon Payment Payment Period Annually Timing of Payments End of Period Year Beginning Balance Income 10.00% Installment Payment Ending Balance 1 $1,000,000 $100,000 $ (23,300) $1,076,700 2 $107,670 $1,161,070 3 $116,107 $1,253,877 4 $125,388 $1,355,965 5 $135,596 $1,468,261 6 $146,826 $1,591,787 7 $159,179 $1,727,666 8 $172,767 $1,877,133 $187,713 $ (1,023,300) $1,041,546 Amount passing to beneficiaries free of estate and gift tax And income tax on trust income is paid by grantor as additional “gift” without gift tax

IDGT vs. GRAT No mortality risk with IDGT. Can allocate GST exemption to seed gift. Mid-term AFR is less than Section 7520 rate. Back-loading (i.e., interest only with balloon payment vs. level annuity payment). Not a statutory technique. Possibility of unintended gift tax, which may be mitigated by using a “defined value” clause.

Qualified Personal Residence Trust (“QPRT”)

QPRTs Increased popularity in light of enhanced gift tax exemption and reduced fair market value of residential real estate. Potential for large estate tax savings. Very low tax risk: statutory technique. Relatively easy to implement and administer.

QPRT: Personal Residence Primary residence. Vacation residence. Fractional interest in a residence. No more than 2 residences at a time. Rental property or commercial use not permitted. Mortgaged property complicates the planning. Some surrounding land permitted, but not too much.

How Does a QPRT Work? Grantor makes a gift of the residence to a trust. Grantor retains right to occupy the residence during the QPRT term.

How Does a QPRT Work? Grantor is entitled to 2 key discounts to current FMV: Cost of waiting: Beneficiaries must wait to receive the residence (when the QPRT term expires). Possibility of reversion: Grantor retains the “right to get the residence back if he/she dies before the QPRT term ends. These discounts can result in substantial reductions to current FMV.

How Does a QPRT Work? Grantor can continue to occupy the residence following the QPRT term, though the Grantor will have to pay FMV rent. Grantor continues to receive tax deductions for property taxes and remains eligible for exclusion from gains tax on resale (if primary residence).

QPRT: Tax Benefits No gift tax consequences unless Grantor has already used up his/her $5 million lifetime gift tax exemption. All appreciation is out of the Grantor’s estate for estate tax purposes. Any rent the Grantor pays after the QPRT term is out of his/her estate for estate tax purposes.

QPRT: Tax Benefits If residence in a grantor trust at end of term, the rent payments will not be subject to income taxes. There could be property transfer tax consequences at end of QPRT term.

QPRT: Drawbacks Grantor must survive the QPRT term. Use an ILIT to “bullet proof” a QPRT. The QPRT is an irrevocable trust – there may be no commutation. May use some or all of Grantor’s lifetime gift tax exemption. Grantor may have to rent the property back at end of QPRT term. Cannot allocate GST exemption until end of QPRT term

QPRT Grantor QPRT Grantor Children or ILIT Residence Rent Free Right of Use of Residence for 15 Years After Expiration of Selected Term of Years ASSUMPTIONS: Grantor’s Age 70 FMV of Residence $1,000,000 FMV in 15 years at 5% growth $2,079,000 Term of QPRT 15 Years Initial Gift $295,820 FET Savings (35%) $624,088 §7520 Rate 3% Grantor Children or ILIT Pays RESULTS: Rent

Charitable Remainder Unitrusts (“CRUTs”)

CRUTs: Common Features Grantor transfers assets to an irrevocable trust. No capital gains tax on the sale of appreciated assets by the trust. Grantor and spouse are lifetime beneficiaries of the trust.

CRUTs: Common Features Charities named by grantor are remainder beneficiaries of trust. Grantor and/or grantor’s spouse can be the trustees of the trust.

CRUTs: Common Features Trustee can control timing and amount of income distributions to grantor and grantor’s spouse. Trust assets are protected from creditors. Grantor receives a charitable income tax deduction (of at least 10%) based on the present value of the remainder interest.

CRUTs: Common Features Assets in trust are excluded from grantor’s and grantor’s spouse’s gross estates. Life insurance “replaces” the assets passing to charity with premiums paid for out of the tax savings.

CRUTs: Common Uses To diversify low basis/low yield investments. To sell an asset without a capital gains tax.

At Donor’s Death (14 years) Remainder to Charity $1,513,600 CRUT Diagram $1,000,000 Property $100,000 Cost Basis Donor (Age 70) CRUT 2% growth / 6% income At Donor’s Death (14 years) Remainder to Charity $1,513,600 Charity 5% Unitrust Income tax deduction $529,380 Gain not taxed $900,000 First year payment $50,000 Total Payments (14 yrs) $854,600 IRC Section 7520 Rate 3.4%

CRUT Wealth Replacement with Insurance GRANTOR Annual Gifts Tax savings from income tax deduction; and increased cash flow from not paying capital gains taxes. Life Insurance / Dynasty Trust for benefit of heirs

NIM-CRUTs A Net Income with Makeup Charitable Remainder Trust or NIM-CRUT is a type of CRUT where a fixed percentage (minimum of 5%) of the annual value of trust assets is credited to the income beneficiary. If the net income is less than the fixed percentage, then any deficiencies are "made up" in later years when trust income exceeds the required set percentage amounts for such years.

NIM-CRUTs If there is insufficient income to meet the payout, the income beneficiary must wait until sufficient income exists. Until such time however, the income beneficiary's "make-up account" will continue to build. Once income is sufficient, the income beneficiary will be entitled to the entire buildup in the "make-up account."

FLIP-CRUTs In its initial phase, a FLIP-CRUT acts like a NIMCRUT and only distributes the trust's accounting income to the income beneficiaries. In the second phase, following the occurrence of a predetermined triggering event, the trust switches, or "flips," to a standard CRUT and pays out a fixed percentage of the trust's annual fair market value.

FLIP-CRUTs The triggering event must be defined in the trust document. For example, the triggering event may be a date specified in the trust, or (most commonly) the sale of an unmarketable asset. NIMCRUTs and FLIP-CRUTs can solve the problem of funding a CRUT with a non-income producing asset by limiting the requirement for income distributions to times when the trustee has the capacity to make them.

FLIP-CRUTs Further, NIMCRUTs and FLIP-CRUTs provide planning opportunities for those income recipients who wish to defer income distributions.

i-CRUTs The “i-CRUT” is a “Flip-CRUT” that is funded with a life insurance policy on the life of the donor(s). In the iCRUT context, a “flip” is never used unless there is an emergency need for funds. The flip would occur upon the sale of the policy.

i-CRUT Advantages Life Insurance Strategy Tax Deductible Premiums? Access to Cash Value? Ability to Change Charity? Protection from Personal Creditors? Protection from Charity’s Creditors? Personal-Owned No Yes Charity-Owned Foundation-Owned Yes* iCRUT *While assets remain undistributed.

i-CRUT Support: PLR 1999-15045 Husband acquired a single premium life insurance policy on his wife’s life and then transferred the policy to a bank as trustee of a one-life NIM-CRUT for his stepdaughter. The policy was the sole asset of the trust. The trust “passed” as a non grantor trust because all contributions to and distributions from the policy were to be allocated to trust principal. Important because CRTs cannot be grantor trusts.

i-CRUT Support: PLR 1992-27017 Husband transferred a life insurance policy on his life and other assets to a two-life NIM-CRUT for himself and his wife. The NIM-CRUT “passed” as a non grantor trust for the same reason as in PLR 1999-15045.

i-CRUT Support: PLR 1987-45013 The trustee of a two-life NIM-CRUT proposed to sell appreciated real estate held by the trust and to reinvest the sale proceeds in a life insurance policy on the lives of the donors. The IRS approved but warned that: income earned on money borrowed from the policy would be debt-financed income;

i-CRUT Support: PLR 1987-45013 the transaction would not be a violation of the “trustee must be able to invest to realize income” rule of regulation 1.664-1(a)(3); the payment of premiums is not a violation of the “no other payee” rule of regulation 1.664-3(a)(4), if for full and adequate consideration; and the policy will not be a jeopardy investment under section 4944, if the death benefit will be greater than the cumulative premiums. No analysis of the grantor trust question was made.

i-CRUT Support: PLR 1979-28014 Husband funded a 1-life NIM-CRUT for his wife with a life insurance policy on his life. Husband paid the premiums directly to the insurance company. The IRS approved, even allowing an income tax deduction for the present value of the remainder interest portion of the premiums paid directly to the insurance company. No analysis of the grantor trust question was made.

i-CRUT Variation An iCRUT need not be for the life of the donor(s) alone. Consider adding the next generation as successor beneficiaries to make a “stretch-iCRUT”. A substantial gift to charity is still made, but not before all members of the next generation have first passed away.

Charitable Lead Annuity Trusts (“CLATs”)

CLATs The grantor transfers property to a trust for a term of years. The grantor receives an up front income and gift tax deduction (but must include income in later years). The trust pays an annuity interest to a charity for the term.

CLATs The remainder interest will go to the grantor’s heirs or to an ILIT. If asset growth rate exceeds the Section 7520 rate, the trust may receive a significant interest.

Grantor’s Foundation and/or Selected Charities $5,862,000 CLATs $5,000,000 of Assets to Lead Trust Year 10: Assets pass to heirs or ILIT Heirs or ILIT Grantor CLAT Value of Remainder Interest = $-0- Under different growth assumptions, the heirs or ILIT may receive the following: 12% $5,242,000 10% $3,626,000 8% $2,303,000 Charitable Deduction = $5M No taxable gift. 11.724% Annuity stream to selected charities Grantor’s Foundation and/or Selected Charities $5,862,000 §7520 rate =3%

The Shark Fin Charitable Lead Annuity Trust The Shark Fin CLAT is a CLAT that guarantees a charitable gift through purchase of a life insurance policy. Donor receives charitable income tax deduction. Charity receives: During donor’s lifetime – annual income stream. At donor’s death – large lump-sum payment. At donor’s death – heirs receive remaining trust assets.

How Does a Shark Fin CLAT Work? Donor has an income recognition event (i.e., a Roth conversion). Donor gifts an asset to the trust. Donor receives a substantial charitable income tax deduction (usually 50% - 80%). 30% adjusted gross income (AGI) limit. 20% AGI limit for private charity or gift of capital gain property. 5-year carry-forward.

How Does a Shark Fin CLAT Work? Donor’s gift to the trust is taxable gift that is reduced by the amount of the charitable deduction (same value as the income tax deduction. The taxable gift can be offset by applying Donor’s lifetime gift tax exemption ($5 million per individual in 2011 and 2012).

How Does a Shark Fin CLAT Work? A portion of the Shark Fin CLAT’s assets are used to purchase a municipal bond to provide an annual payout to charity. Generally, 10%-15% of the donated assets go towards the purchase of an income-producing asset. Municipal bonds make a viable option for annual payment to charity due to their federal income tax-free nature.

How Does a Shark Fin CLAT Work? For maximum leverage, the majority of the CLAT’s assets are used to purchase a single premium life insurance policy on the grantor’s life. The CLAT is the owner, premium payer and beneficiary of the life insurance policy. Upon the death of the insured, the CLAT pays out the final charitable contributions. Remainder of death benefit and other trust assets are paid to the remainder beneficiaries and the CLAT terminates.

Why Life Insurance? Life insurance inside a Shark Fin CLAT offers multiple advantages. Provides a guaranteed amount for the charity and the donor’s family. Gives the donor’s family tax-free insurance policy benefits. Provides charity with final payout that is liquid.

Summary Benefits to the grantor: Benefits to the charity: Current income tax deduction. Leverage assets to pass on wealth to heirs through purchase of life insurance. Minimize estate taxes. Benefit charity of choice. Benefits to the charity: Annual income. Large, liquid lump-sum gift at death of insured.

The Shark Fin CLAT $1 million Withdrawal IRA or 401(k) or Roth Conversion Grantor/Insured Age 68 Income Tax Liability $350,000 Charitable Deduction = $847,000 Taxable Gift = $153,000 $1 million Contribution L-CLAT $100,000 in muni-bonds $900,000 premium for a $4.2 million life insurance policy. $2.7 million from life insurance. Plus balance of muni-bond account at end of trust term. $5,000 per year $1.5 million at end of trust term Charity Heirs The figures above are for illustrative purposes only and not guarantees.

Technical Support for Shark Fin CLATs The Shark-Fin CLAT dates back to July 16, 2007, when the IRS indicated in its safe harbor CLAT forms (Rev. Proc. 2007-45) that the CLAT annuity need not be fixed, nor limited in its annual increase, but merely ascertainable.

Shark Fin CLAT Issues Charitable Split Dollar Violation? Yes, because read literally, the statute disallowing charitable split dollar applies to the Shark Fin CLAT with no explicit exceptions as are made for CRTs (170(f)(10)(C) & (E)) and for CGAs (170(f)(10)(D)).

Shark Fin CLAT Issues Charitable Split Dollar Violation? No, because read literally, the statute disallowing charitable split dollar would also apply to ILITs with charities as beneficiaries, and because the legislative history (and informal IRS comments) suggest that the IRS did not have CLATs in mind since, unlike charitable split dollar, the sole owner and beneficiary of the policy is the CLAT and, also unlike charitable split dollar, charity is guaranteed to benefit, potentially at the complete expense of the grantor’s family.

Shark Fin CLAT Issues Charitable Split Dollar Violation? Planning idea: Avoid the question by transferring a paid-up policy to the CLAT (subject to the 3-year rule).

Shark Fin CLAT Issues Increasing CLAT annuity allowed? No, because analogous GRAT regulations (1992) allow no more than a 20% annual increase in the annuity per year; because the CLAT regulations do not explicitly allow it; and because the Code (1969) allows no variation in CRAT annuities.

Shark Fin CLAT Issues Increasing CLAT annuity allowed? Yes, because the GRAT regulations apply only to GRATs; because the CLAT regulations do not explicitly disallow it; because the Code provision applies only to CRATs; and because Rev. Proc. 2007-45, the IRS’s latest pronouncement specifically on CLATs (2007), does allow it.

Shark Fin CLAT Issues Minimal annuity allowed? No, because CRATs are not allowed de minimis payments (rather 5% minimum); and because the preamble to the analogous GRAT regulations explicitly prohibits balloon payments for GRATs.

Shark Fin CLAT Issues Minimal annuity allowed? Yes, because CLATs (taxable trusts) have never been subject to a minimum payment requirement like CRATs (tax-exempt trusts); because the GRAT preamble came at a time when the IRS thought that zeroed-out GRATs were not possible; because GRATs differ in that GRAT failure returns all the assets to the grantor, while CLAT failure returns none of the assets to the grantor or his family; because the GRAT regulations do not apply to CLATs; and because if the IRS wanted to restrict in this way, it could have done so in Rev. Proc. 2007-45.

Shark Fin CLAT Critics Richard Fox, J.D., Head of Philanthropic and Nonprofit practice at Dilworth, Paxson, LLP, Philadelphia, PA, and author of Thomson Reuters/Warren, Gorham & Lamont treatise, Charitable Giving: Taxation, Planning and Strategies.* Mark Teitelbaum, Vice President of advanced markets for AXA and Assistant Editor of the Journal of the American Society of Financial Service Professionals.* *Co-authors of Validity of “Shark-Fin CLATs” Remains in Doubt Despite IRS Guidance, Steve Leimberg’s Charitable Planning Email Newsletter – Archive Message #162, September 21, 2010.

Shark Fin CLAT Supporters Transamerica Life Insurance Co. (Enhanced Charitable Lead Trust or “ECLAT”). David Pratt, Partner, Proskauer, Boca Raton, FL** Scott Goldberger, Member, Proskauer, Boca Raton, FL** Paul S. Lee, National Managing Director, Bernstein Global Wealth Management **Co-authors of Defense of iCLAT: Biting Back: Responding to the Attack on Shark-fin CLATS, Steve Leimberg’s Charitable Planning Email Newsletter – Archive Message #163, October 5, 2010.

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